3.1: Stages of attachment development

Question 1

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks)

Answer 1

Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The:

1. Pre-attachment phase (asocial stage)
2. Indiscriminate attachment phase
3. Discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage)
4. Multiple attachments stage

Question 2

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

When is the pre-attachment stage from?

Answer 2

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months

Question 3

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
What does the baby do?

Answer 3

The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers

Question 4

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, what?

Answer 4

However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar

Question 5

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

When is the indiscriminate attachment phase from?

Answer 5

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months

Question 6

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
What do infants begin to do?

Answer 6

Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people

Question 7

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, doing what?

Answer 7

Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people

Question 8

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but what?

Answer 8

Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them

Question 9

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Why is their attachment behaviour therefore said to be indiscriminate?

Answer 9

Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person

Question 10

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

When is the discriminate attachment phase from?

Answer 10

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards

Question 11

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
What do infants do?

Answer 11

Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them

Question 12

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
What do infants begin to do?

Answer 12

Infants begin to develop specific attachments

Question 13

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, doing what?

Answer 13

Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest

Question 14

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (who is this in 65% of cases)?

Answer 14

Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases)

Question 15

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

When is the multiple attachments stage?

Answer 15

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards

Question 16

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
What do infants form?

Answer 16

Infants form strong emotional ties

Question 17

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Who do infants form strong emotional ties with?

Answer 17

Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers and non-caregivers

Question 18

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like who, and non-caregivers?

Answer 18

Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers

Question 19

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like who?

Answer 19

Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children

Question 20

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
What weakens?

Answer 20

The fear of strangers weakens

Question 21

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but what remains strongest?

Answer 21

The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest

Question 22

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 22

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage

Question 23

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
Why is this?

Answer 23

This is because they are immobile and have little coordination

Question 24

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, what?

Answer 24

Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour

Question 25

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
What has research shown about this stage?

Answer 25

Research has shown that infants are social at this stage

Question 26

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
Example

Answer 26

For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old

Question 27

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
What has research also shown?

Answer 27

Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter)

Question 28

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, what?

Answer 28

However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not

Question 29

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, what?

Answer 29

Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable

Question 30

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 30

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning

Question 31

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find?

Answer 31

In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested

Question 32

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
Example

Answer 32

For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young

Question 33

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
What does this suggest?

Answer 33

This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not valid

Question 34

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not valid.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 34

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there may be a problem with how multiple attachments are assessed

Question 35

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there may be a problem with how multiple attachments are assessed.
Example

Answer 35

For example, Bowlby suggested that children have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment

Question 36

Describe and evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment (16 marks).
Schaffer showed how the common pattern in the development of infants’ attachments could be divided into several distinct stages - The pre-attachment phase (asocial stage), indiscriminate attachment phase, discriminate attachment phase (specific attachment stage) and the multiple attachments stage.

The pre-attachment stage is from birth up to 3 months.
The baby recognises and starts to form a bond with its carers.
However, the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects is quite similar.

The indiscriminate attachment phase is from 3 to 7/8 months.
Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling more at known people, but they will still allow strangers to handle and look after them.
Their attachment behaviour is therefore said to be indiscriminate, because it is not different towards any one person.

The discriminate attachment phase is from 7/8 months onwards.
Infants avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them.
Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to a particular person and showing separation protest (this is the biological mother in 65% of cases).

The multiple attachments stage is from 9 months onwards.
Infants form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers, like other children.
The fear of strangers weakens, but attachment to the primary caregiver remains strongest.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is difficult to gather any meaningful data from infants at the asocial stage.
This is because they are immobile and have little coordination.
Therefore, it is very difficult to make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.
Research has shown that infants are social at this stage.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore found that infants have an imitation ability at 2 - 3 weeks old.
Research has also shown that babies prefer their mother’s face/voice to that of a stranger (Carpenter).
However, the lack of meaningful data means that we cannot be sure about infants’ feelings and cognitions and whether they are social or not.
Therefore, Schaffer’s stages of attachment are questionable.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that other psychologists believe that babies form multiple attachments from the beginning.
In their meta-analysis, Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found that in some cultures (collectivist cultures), multiple attachments are the norm and that multiple attachments are formed much earlier than Schaffer and Emerson suggested.
For example, in Uganda, most infants are cared for by several adults and form multiple attachments very young.
This suggests that Schaffer’s stages of attachment are not valid.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there may be a problem with how multiple attachments are assessed.
For example, Bowlby suggested that children have playmates as well as attachment figures and may get distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment.
What do Schaffer and Emerson’s observations not leave us with a way of?

Answer 36

Schaffer and Emerson’s observations do not leave us with a way of how to distinguish between behaviour shown towards secondary attachment figures and behaviour shown towards playmates