3.1: Caregiver-infant interactions in humans

Question 1

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).

Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer

Answer 1

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex

Question 2

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs how?

Answer 2

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways

Question 3

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including what?

Answer 3

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including:

1. Interactional synchrony
2. Reciprocity
3. Caregiverese

Question 4

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
What does interactional synchrony involve?

Answer 4

Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’

Question 5

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking,’ like that seen where?

Answer 5

Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations

Question 6

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
What does this help do?

Answer 6

This helps strengthen the attachment bond

Question 7

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
What is reciprocity?

Answer 7

Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process

Question 8

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
What does each party do?

Answer 8

Each party responds to the other’s signals

Question 9

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to do what?

Answer 9

Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking)

Question 10

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
What does the behaviour of each party do?

Answer 10

The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other

Question 11

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
What is caregiverese?

Answer 11

Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language

Question 12

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is what?

Answer 12

Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is:

1. High-pitched
2. Song-like in nature
3. Slow
4. Repetitive

Question 13

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
What does this do?

Answer 13

This aids communication between carer and infant

Question 14

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to do what?

Answer 14

This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond

Question 15

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 15

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony

Question 16

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
Example

Answer 16

For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony

Question 17

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
What did an adult model do?

Answer 17

An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements

Question 18

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
What was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display?

Answer 18

A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display

Question 19

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
Why was a dummy placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display?

Answer 19

A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response

Question 20

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, what happened?

Answer 20

Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed

Question 21

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
What did they find?

Answer 21

They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures

Question 22

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
What does this suggest?

Answer 22

This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans

Question 23

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 23

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions

Question 24

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
Example

Answer 24

For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not

Question 25

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, why?

Answer 25

For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving

Question 26

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, what?

Answer 26

Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor

Question 27

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to what?

Answer 27

Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to the uncertainty of whether what is being recorded is actually interactional synchrony or just natural movement

Question 28

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to the uncertainty of whether what is being recorded is actually interactional synchrony or just natural movement.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 28

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for caregiverese

Question 29

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to the uncertainty of whether what is being recorded is actually interactional synchrony or just natural movement.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for caregiverese.
Example

Answer 29

For example, Papousek et al. found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross-cultural

Question 30

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to the uncertainty of whether what is being recorded is actually interactional synchrony or just natural movement.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for caregiverese.
For example, Papousek et al. found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross-cultural, how?

Answer 30

For example, Papousek et al. found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross-cultural, as American, Chinese and German mothers all exhibited the behaviour

Question 31

Discuss caregiver-infant interactions in humans (16 marks).
Refer to reciprocity and interactional synchrony in your answer.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways, including interactional synchrony, reciprocity and caregiverese.
Interactional synchrony involves infants moving their bodies in tune with the rhythm of their carers’ spoken language to create a type of ‘turn-taking’, like that seen in two-way vocal conversations.
This helps strengthen the attachment bond.
Reciprocity is that caregiver-infant interaction is a two-way process.
Each party responds to the other’s signals to sustain interaction (turn-taking).
The behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other.
Caregiverese is when adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for interactional synchrony.
For example, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony.
An adult model displayed one of 3 facial expressions or hand movements.
A dummy was placed in the infants’ mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
Following the display, the dummy was removed and the child’s expression was filmed.
They found that infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
This suggests that interactional synchrony is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it is difficult to know what the babies in Meltzoff and Moore’s study mean by these interactions.
For example, you might observe changes in expression or hand movements, but it is difficult to know if this imitation of adult signals is deliberate or not, because infants are constantly moving.
Due to this, the internal validity of the data is poor, due to the uncertainty of whether what is being recorded is actually interactional synchrony or just natural movement.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for caregiverese.
For example, Papousek et al. found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross-cultural, as American, Chinese and German mothers all exhibited the behaviour.
What does this suggest?

Answer 31

This suggests that caregiverese is a valid caregiver-infant interaction in humans and that it is an innate, biological device to facilitate the formation of attachments