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OCR Gateway A Level Biology > 3.3 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

General formula of carbohydrates

A

Cx (H2O)y

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit

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4
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Ribose

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5
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together

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6
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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7
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

Fructose and glucose

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8
Q

What monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

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9
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together

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11
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch

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12
Q

What are hexose monosaccharides?

A

They contain 6 carbons

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13
Q

Example of hexose monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides?

A

They contain 5 Carbons

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15
Q

Eg of pentose monosaccharide

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose

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16
Q

Two types of glucose

A

Alpha and beta glucose

17
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Alpha - OH on Carbon 1 is on the bottom

Beta - OH on Carbon 1 is at the top

18
Q

Properties of glucose

A

Polar and soluble in water, due to the hydrogen bonds between Hydroxyl groups and water molecules

19
Q

Why is the solubility of glucose in water important?

A

This means glucose can be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell

20
Q

Why is glucose a good source of energy?

A

When the bonds in glucose are broken, a lot of energy is released

21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

It breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules, with the use of a water molecule

22
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

It joins 2 molecules together, forming a chemical bond, where a water molecule is eliminated

23
Q

What happens when 2 glucose molecules react together?

A

The two OH groups react together, forming a glycosidic bond - a type of covalent bond between Carbon 1 and 4, so it is called a 1-4 glycosidic bond

24
Q

Polysaccharides in starch

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

25
Q

How is amylose formed?

A

By condensation of alpha glucose molecules, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds ONLY

26
Q

How does the structure of amylose relate to its function?

A

The angle of the 1-4 glycosidic bond means amylose twists to form a helix, strengthened by hydrogen bonds. This means the polysaccharide is more compact and less soluble than the glucose - so a good molecule for storage.

27
Q

What type of glycosidic bonds does amylopectin form?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

How does the structure of amylopectin relate to its function?

A

It has a branched structure, which makes it compact and better for storage. Also, with branching, there are more free ends where glucose molecules can be added and removed. It is also insoluble.

29
Q

Equivalent of amylopectin in animals

A

Glycogen

30
Q

Differences between glycogen and amylopectin

A

Glycogen forms more branches, so it’s more compact and less space is required for storage, which is important as animals move around more.

31
Q

What is the monosaccharide in cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

32
Q

How do beta glucose molecules join together in cellulose?

A

Alternate beta glucose molecules turn upside down and join together

33
Q

Why do beta glucoses have to bond in a different way?

A

The OH groups are too far apart to form 1-4 glycosidic bonds otherwise

34
Q

What is the result of the beta glucoses bonding in a different way?

A

They cannot coil or form branches, so it’s a straight chain molecule

35
Q

How are fibres formed?

A

Cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other to form microfibrils
Microfibrils join to form macrofibrils
Macrofibrils join to form fibres

36
Q

Properties of fibres made of cellulose

A

Strong and insoluble

OCR Gateway A Level Biology (78 decks)

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