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OCR Gateway A Level Biology > 10.1 & 2 Classification > Flashcards

10.1 & 2 Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

Name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

7 taxonomic groups

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
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3
Q

Who invented hierarchical classification?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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4
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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5
Q

Benefits of using a single classification system

A

Scientists worldwide can share research

Links between different organisms can be seen, even on different continents

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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7
Q

What types of cells are in each domain?

A

Bacteria - prokaryotes
Archaea - prokaryotes
Eukarya - eukaryotes

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8
Q

Definition of species

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

What is produced when a horse is bred with a donkey?

A

A mule or hinny

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10
Q

Why are mules or hinnies infertile?

A

They have an odd number of chromosome - 63

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11
Q

Human classification

A 
Domain - Eukarya 
Kingdom - Animalia 
Phylum - Chordata 
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates 
Family - Hominidae 
Genus - Homo 
Species - Sapiens
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12
Q

In binomial nomenclature what do the 2 parts show?

A

1st part - genus

2nd part - species

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13
Q

How is the binomial name written?

A

Italicised or underlined

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14
Q

Advantages of binomial nomenclature

A

Simple meaningful and universally accepted
Easy to understand
Shows evolutionary history of species
Distinguish species from others

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15
Q

Since when were animals classified into kingdoms?

A

From 1960s

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16
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Prokaryotae 
Protocista 
Fungi 
Plantae 
Animalia
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17
Q

Which kingdoms are prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotae

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18
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotes?

A

Protocista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

19
Q

Features of Prokaryotae

A 
Unicellular 
Cell wall and cytoplasm 
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 
Rings of naked DNA 
70s ribosomes 
Divide by binary fission 
Autotrophic feeders
20
Q

Eg of Prokaryotae

A

Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus anthracis

21
Q

Protocista features

A 
Mostly unicellular 
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles 
Some have chloroplasts 
Some move by cilia 
Autotrophic and heterotrophic feeders
22
Q

Two types of Protocista

A

Protozoa - no cell wall

Algae - cellulose cell wall and chloroplast

23
Q

What are autotrophic feeders?

A

Nutrients are obtained by photosynthesis

24
Q

What are heterotrophic feeders?

A

Nutrients are obtained by ingestion of other organisms

25
Q

Eg of Protocista

A

Paramecium

Amoeba

26
Q

Features of fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall of chitin
No chloroplasts or chlorophyll
No mechanisms for locomotion
Most have body or myecelium made of threads or hyphae
Nutrients acquired by absorption - saprophytic feeders
Most store food as glycogen

27
Q

Eg of fungi

A

Mushroom
Moulds
Yeast

28
Q

Features of Plantae

A

Multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles including chloroplasts
Cell wall of cellulose
All contain chlorophyll
Most don’t move - gametes move using cilia or flagella
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis- autotrophic feeders
Store food as starch

29
Q

Features of Animalia

A

Largest kingdom
Multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts and cell wall
Sometimes have cilia/flagella/contractile proteins
Nutrients acquired by ingestion - heterotrophic feeders
Food stored as glycogen

30
Q

What were classification systems originally based on?

A

Observable features

31
Q

How are scientists now able to study evolutionary links between organisms?

A

Study of genetics and biological molecules

32
Q

What happens when organisms evolve?

A

External and internal features change, as well as DNA
DNA determines the proteins that are made, which determines characteristics
For characteristics to change, proteins have to change as well

33
Q

How many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

A

4

34
Q

Who came up with the 3 domain system?

A

Carl Woese

35
Q

How does Woese’s system group organisms?

A

Using differences in sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA, cell’s membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics

36
Q

How are organisms classified under 3 domain system?

A

Into 3 domains and 6 kingdoms

37
Q

rRNA and ribosomes in Eukarya

A

80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

38
Q

rRNA and ribosomes in Archaea

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

39
Q

rRNA and ribosomes in Bacteria

A

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

40
Q

What is different in Woese’s system?

A

The Prokaryotae kingdom is divided into two - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

41
Q

Why are Eubacteria classified in their own kingdom?

A

Their chemical makeup is different from Archaebacteria

They contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall, but Archaebacteria do not

42
Q

Archaebacteria characteristics

A

Can live in extreme environments

Eg hot thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, highly acidic environments

43
Q

Eubacteria characteristics

A

Found in all environments

Most bacteria are in eubacteria kingdom

OCR Gateway A Level Biology (78 decks)

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