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OCR Gateway A Level Biology > 14.1 Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

14.1 Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Group of cells specialised to secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Pituitary gland functions

A
  • produces growth hormone (growth of bones and muscles)
  • ADH (reabsorption of water)
  • gonadotropins (development of ovaries and testes)
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3
Q

Pineal gland function

A

Produces melatonin - affects reproductive development and daily cycles

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4
Q

Thymus function

A

Produces thymosin - promotes production and maturation of WBCs

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5
Q

Pancreas function

A
  • insulin (glucose to glycogen conversion) when glucose levels increase
  • glucagon (glycogen to glucose) when glucose levels fall
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6
Q

Ovary functions

A
  • produces oestrogen - ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics
  • progesterone - prepares uterus lining to receive embryo
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7
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Produces thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration - promotes growth

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8
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

Produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate and raises blood glucose level

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9
Q

Testes function

A

Produces testosterone - controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

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10
Q

What happens when hormones are secreted?

A

Transported in blood plasma around the body
Hormones diffuse out of blood and bind to specific receptors for that hormone
Receptors are found in membranes/in cytoplasm of target organs - target cells

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11
Q

Two types of hormone

A

Steroid hormones
Non steroid hormones

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12
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble
Can pass through cell membrane

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13
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

Pass through cell membrane
Bind to steroid hormone receptor to form hormone receptor complex
Receptors can be in cytoplasm or nucleus
Hormone receptor complex acts as a transcription factor - can facilitate or inhibit transcription of a particular gene
Complex attaches to DNA, which provides instructions for synthesis of a polypeptide
Polypeptide synthesised by ribosomes and mRNA

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14
Q

Non steroid hormones

A

Hydrophilic
Cannot pass through cell membrane

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15
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

Bind to specific receptors on cell surface membrane of target cell
Triggers cascade reaction by second messengers

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16
Q

Communication in hormonal vs nervous system

A

Hormonal - hormones
Nervous - nerve impulses

17
Q

Transmission in hormonal vs nervous system

A

Hormonal - blood, slow
Nervous - neurones, fast

18
Q

Location of response in hormonal vs nervous system

A

Hormonal - travel to all parts of the body but only target organs respond
Nervous - travel to specific parts of the body

19
Q

Response in hormonal vs nervous system

A

Hormonal - widespread, slow, long lasting
Nervous - localised, rapid, short lived

20
Q

Effect in hormonal vs nervous system

A

Hormonal - permanent and irreversible
Nervous - temporary and reversible

21
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

On top of each kidney

22
Q

Structure of adrenal gland

A

Medulla, cortex surrounded by capsule

23
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer region of glands
Produces vital hormones eg - cortisol and aldosterone

24
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner region of the glands
Produces non essential hormones eg adrenaline

25
Q

Main types of hormones produced by adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

26
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Eg - cortisol
Regulate metabolism by controlling how body converts fats, proteins and carbohydrates to energy
Regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function in response to stress

Eg - corticosterone
Regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions

27
Q

What controls release of glucocorticoids?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone
Control blood pressure by maintaining salt and water concentrations in blood and fluids

29
Q

What controls release of aldosterone?

A

Signals released by the kidney

30
Q

Androgens

A

Small amounts of male and female sex hormones released

31
Q

Hormones released by the adrenal medulla

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

32
Q

When are hormones released from adrenal medulla?

A

When sympathetic nervous system is stimulated - during stress

33
Q

Adrenaline

A

Increase heart rate, blood is sent quickly to muscles and brain
Raises blood glucose concentration

34
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Works with adrenaline
Increased heart rate, widening pupils
Wider air passages in lungs and narrow blood vessels in non essential organs

OCR Gateway A Level Biology (78 decks)

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