2.8 - Intelligence & Achievement Flashcards
Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
General intelligence (g)
Charles Spearman (1863-1945) analyzed different skills and found that people who did well in one area also did well in another. Spearman speculated that these people had a high “g” (general intelligence). (either you get it or you don’t)
Multiple Intelligence (gardeners)
each person possesses at least eight independent cognitive abilities or intelligences
someone can be strong in one area and weak in another.
intelligence quotient (iq)
mental age/chronological age x 100
if your chronological age is the same as mental age then iq is 100 (average/want is 100)
Intelligence Tests
measure g/iq and have subscores for verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual organization, and working memory.
standardized
defining the meaning of scores based on a comparison with the performance of others who have taken test. (16 take the test - compare to other 16 year olds)
Flynn effect
performance on intelligence tests has improved over years, worldwide. iq has gone up.
achievement tests
measure what you already have learned. Examples include a literacy test, a driver’s license exam, and a final exam in a psychology course.
aptitude tests
attempt to predict your ability to learn new skills.
The SAT
test validity
A test has validity if it accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
construct validity
Does it accurately measure the hypothetical idea or “construct” –such as intelligence or extroversion
predictive validity
the test predicts future performance (e.g. an aptitude test relates to future grades)
Test reliability
A test or other measuring tool is reliable when it generates consistent results.
Split-half reliability
two halves of the same test yield the same/similar results
Stereotype threat
refers to a feeling that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Stereotype threat may interfere with performance by making people use their working memory for worrying instead of thinking.
This worry is self-confirming/fulfilling: the effect of minority status on performance is worsened by worry about that effect.
Stereotype lift
This is where people perform better because of positive stereotypes. This can increase confidence, motivation, and overall performance.
Within group
Definition: This involves comparing IQ scores of individuals who belong to the same group (e.g., members of the same population, community, or demographic).
Focus: Variation is due to individual differences within that group, such as genetics, education, socioeconomic status, or environmental influences.
Example: Comparing the IQ scores of students within a specific school to identify the range of abilities in that group.
Between group
Definition: This involves comparing the average IQ scores of two or more distinct groups (e.g., based on gender, socioeconomic status, or ethnicity).
Focus: Differences in group averages may arise from environmental factors, such as access to education or healthcare, cultural influences, or broader systemic disparities.
Example: Comparing the average IQ scores of students from two different schools or socioeconomic backgrounds.
Poverty discrimination
Relating to intelligence & Achievement poverty discrimination limits the resources and ability to learn due to living in poverty. Less opportunities, achievement, and intelligence because you live and are low income.
fixed mindset
people believe intelligence and ability is innate. Your abilities are genetic and environmental factors will not affect growth much.
growth mindset
intelligence and abilities can improve through learning, effort, and perseverance.
test bias
Test makers strive to prevent bias: making it easier for one group than for another to have their abilities accurately assessed
Has to be fair for everyone
Test-retest reliability
will the test give the same result if used again?
