2.1 - Perception Flashcards
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events - The brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs.
Top down processing
When we use our experiences to make a quick judgment of what we expect to see. Using models, ideas, expectations for interpretation
(Judging food before eating it)
Bottom up processing
we only use the features of the object itself to complete our perceptions
(Judging if a hot tub is hot or cold after you get in)
Interposition (Monocular cue (one eye))
When one object appears to block the view of another, we assume that the blocking object is closer to us.
Relative size (Monocular cue)
We intuitively know to interpret familiar objects (of known size) are far when they appear small, and are close when they appear bigger.
Linear perspective (Monocular cue)
Parallel lines seem farther away because they converge or seem to get ¨closer¨. Our brain recognizes this as a sign of distance.
Texture gradient (Monocular cue)
Helps to understand depth perception
The closer an object is, the more detail we can see, which gives us clues about distance. Objects with coarser textures appear closer than objects with finer textures appear farther away.
Relative clarity (Monocular Cue)
Objects that appear clearer are perceived as being closer than objects tat appear hazy or blurry.
Schema
a mental container we build to hold our experiences. They evolve and become more complex
Gestalt Psychology
The ways we group visual information into “wholes”
closure
Our brain will fill in gaps of missing information and complete the figure as a whole object
simularity
Grouping objects together if they look the same
Proximity
Objects that are close together we have a tendency to group them together
Similarity
Grouping objects together if they look the same
Perceptual Sets
what we expect to see, which influences what we do see. (
Perceptual Constancy
Our ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, at different distances and angles (if a door is at different angle it looks different but the shape didnt change)
Apparent Movement
the illusion of movement that occurs when a series of static images is presented in rapid succession, creating the perception of continuous motion. (Flip books)
Binocular depth cues
using both eyes - cues exist because humans have two eyes in the front of our head. This gives us retinal disparity; the two eyes have slightly different views, and the more different the views are, the closer the object must be.
Convergence
binocular cue that shows distance; Your eyes “turn inward” showing (feeling) depth (Cross eyed)
Retinal Disparity
the fact that the left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object.
Monocular Depth Cues
depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone. They include interposition, relative height, relative motion, linear perspective, relative size, and light and shadow.
Attention
the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli - our brain is able to choose to focus and select what to notice.
Cocktail party effect
we can focus our mental spotlight on a conversation even when other conversations are going on around us - typically hear your name
Change blindness
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again.
Inattentional Blindness
when our attention is focused, we miss seeing what others may think is obvious to see (such as a gorilla, or a unicyclist).
