28: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Question 0

Sarajevo

Answer 0

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I.

Question 1

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Answer 1

Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War

Question 2

Western Front

Answer 2

Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Question 3

Nicholas II

Answer 3

Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.

Question 4

Gallipoli

Answer 4

Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.

Question 5

Armenian Genocide

Answer 5

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Question 6

Eastern Front

Answer 6

Most mobile of the fronts established during WWI; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Question 8

Adolf Hitler

Answer 8

Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to WWII; responsible for genocide of European Jews.

Question 9

George Clemenceau

Answer 9

French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from German.

Question 10

David Lloyd George

Answer 10

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a certain government through much of WWI and the turbulent years that followed.

Question 11

self-determination

Answer 11

Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.

Question 12

League of Nations

Answer 12

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Question 13

National Congress party

Answer 13

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus on national movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

Question 14

B. G. Tilak

Answer 14

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.

Question 15

Morley-Minto Reforms

Answer 15

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils.

Question 16

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Answer 16

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Question 17

Rowlatt Act

Answer 17

Placed restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.

Question 18

Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 18

Successful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign.

Question 19

satyagraha

Answer 19

“Truth force,” a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.

Question 20

Lord Cromer

Answer 20

British High Commissioner of Egypt at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries; implemented many, but apparently not enough, social and economic reforms.

Question 21

effendi

Answer 21

Prosperous Egyptian families who made up the middle class; leaders of the Egyptian nationalist movement came largely from this group.

Question 22

Dinshawai incident

Answer 22

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

Question 23

Ataturk (a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal)

Answer 23

Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women’s suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet.

Question 24

Hussein, Sherif of Morocco

Answer 24

Convinced Arab leaders to support the French and British during the war because of their pledges of Arab independence.

Question 25

mandates

Answer 25

The Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war.

Question 26

Zionists

Answer 26

Members of a movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argues that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Question 27

Balfour Declaration

Answer 27

British prime minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.

Question 28

Leon Pinsker

Answer 28

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Question 29

Theodor Herzl

Answer 29

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.

Question 30

Alfred Dreyfus

Answer 30

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France.

Question 31

World Zionist Organization

Answer 31

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Question 32

Wafd party

Answer 32

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Question 33

Sa’d Zaghlul

Answer 33

Leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd Party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence on 1922.

Question 34

Marcus Garvey

Answer 34

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 35

W.E.B. DuBois

Answer 35

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 36

pan-African

Answer 36

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I.

Question 37

négritude

Answer 37

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Question 38

Lépold Sédar Senghor

Answer 38

One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.