23: The Emergence of Industrial Society on the West, 1750-1914

Question 1

age of revolution;;

Answer 1

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.

Question 2

population revolution

Answer 2

Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100%.

Question 3

proto-industrialism

Answer 3

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

Question 4

American Revolution

Answer 4

Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America.

Question 5

French Revolution

Answer 5

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Question 6

Louis XVI

Answer 6

Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Question 7

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 7

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.

Question 8

guillotine

Answer 8

Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolutions known as the reign of terror.

Question 9

nationalism

Answer 9

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other “isms”; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

Question 10

Bonaparte, Napoleon

Answer 10

Rose within the French Revolution; eventually become general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815.

Question 11

Congress of Vienna

Answer 11

Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars to restore stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes.

Question 12

conservative

Answer 12

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church.

Question 13

liberal

Answer 13

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of properties people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Question 14

radical

Answer 14

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes.

Question 15

Greek Revolution

Answer 15

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Question 16

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 16

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Question 17

Chartist movement

Answer 17

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demand for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed.

Question 18

Pasteur, Louis

Answer 18

French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in 19th century, leading to better sanitation.

Question 19

American Civil War

Answer 19

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the US and reunification of North and South.

Question 20

transformismo

Answer 20

Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.

Question 21

social question

Answer 21

Issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

Question 22

Marx, Karl

Answer 22

German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian government.

Question 23

revisionism

Answer 23

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

Question 24

feminist movements

Answer 24

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

Question 25

mass leisure culture

Answer 25

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.

Question 26

Darwin, Charles

Answer 26

Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species; argues that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

Question 27

Einstein, Albert

Answer 27

Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity.

Question 28

Freud, Sigmund

Answer 28

Viennese physician who developed theories of the working of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses,

Question 29

romanticism

Answer 29

Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Question 30

Triple Alliance

Answer 30

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Question 31

Triple Entente

Answer 31

Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Question 32

Balkan nationalism

Answer 32

Movements to create independent nations within he Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Question 33

socialism

Answer 33

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end capitalist exploitation of the working man.