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AP World History > 10: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe > Flashcards

10: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

Middle Ages

A
  • The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century.
  • Period of gradual recovery after shock of Rome’s collapse
  • Key characteristics of European civilization emerged from this Era.
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1
Q

manoralism

A

-System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.

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3
Q

manoralism

A
  • System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
  • Economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages
  • A hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
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4
Q

serfs

A
  • Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.
  • Labors during Middle Ages.
  • Backbone of economy.
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5
Q

moldboard

A
  • Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovations of the medieval agricultural system.
  • Permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.
  • A needed technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
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6
Q

Carolingians

A

-Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.

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6
Q

three-field system

A
  • System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains; one-third fallow.
  • Able to allow land to restore nutrients.
  • Improved productivity.
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8
Q

Carolingians

A
  • Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
  • Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
  • Political SPICE.
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9
Q

Martel, Charles

A
  • Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
  • Responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732.
  • Ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
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9
Q

Holy Roman emperors

A

-Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.

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10
Q

vassals

A

-Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty.

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11
Q

Holy Roman emperors

A
  • Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
  • Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire.
  • Failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
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13
Q

William the Conquerer

A
  • Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
  • Extended tight feudal system to England.
  • Established centralized monarchy.
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13
Q

parliaments

A

-Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.

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15
Q

parliaments

A
  • Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
  • -Bodies representing privileged groups.
  • Institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals.
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16
Q

three estates

A
  • The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
  • The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries.
  • Social SPICE.
17
Q

Hundred Years War

A
  • Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states.
  • Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453.
  • Fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states.
18
Q

Urban II

A
  • Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.
  • Called First Crusade in 1095.
  • Shows the church isn’t as peaceful as people want you to think.
19
Q

Gregory VII

A
  • Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church for interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI over practice of lay investors.
  • Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church for interference of feudal lords.
  • Quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI over practice of lay investors.
20
Q

investiture

A
  • Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
  • Practice of state appointment of bishops.
  • Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
21
Q

Abelard, Peter

A
  • Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
  • University scholar who applied logic to problems of theology.
  • Demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
22
Q

Bernard of Clairvaux

A
  • Emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
  • Emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God.
  • Successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
23
Q

Aquinas, Thomas

A
  • Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.
  • -Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning.
  • Believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.
24
Q

scholasticism

A
  • Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.
  • Dominant medieval philosophical approach.
  • Shaped medieval thinking.
25
Q

Gothic

A
  • An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.
  • An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe.
26
Q

Hanseatic League

A
  • An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
  • An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
  • Encouraged trade and spread of ideas/culture in Europe.
27
Q

guilds

A
  • Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
  • Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city.
  • Regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
28
Q

Black Death

A
  • Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe’s population; affected social structure.
  • Significantly reduced Europe’s population.
  • Gave living serfs mobility!!!

AP World History (28 decks)

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