10: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Flashcards
1
Q
Middle Ages
A
- The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century.
- Period of gradual recovery after shock of Rome’s collapse
- Key characteristics of European civilization emerged from this Era.
1
Q
manoralism
A
-System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
3
Q
manoralism
A
- System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
- Economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages
- A hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
4
Q
serfs
A
- Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.
- Labors during Middle Ages.
- Backbone of economy.
5
Q
moldboard
A
- Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovations of the medieval agricultural system.
- Permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.
- A needed technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
6
Q
Carolingians
A
-Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
6
Q
three-field system
A
- System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains; one-third fallow.
- Able to allow land to restore nutrients.
- Improved productivity.
8
Q
Carolingians
A
- Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
- Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
- Political SPICE.
9
Q
Martel, Charles
A
- Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
- Responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732.
- Ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
9
Q
Holy Roman emperors
A
-Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
10
Q
vassals
A
-Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty.
11
Q
Holy Roman emperors
A
- Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
- Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne’s empire.
- Failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
13
Q
William the Conquerer
A
- Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
- Extended tight feudal system to England.
- Established centralized monarchy.
13
Q
parliaments
A
-Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
15
Q
parliaments
A
- Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
- -Bodies representing privileged groups.
- Institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals.
16
Q
three estates
A
- The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
- The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries.
- Social SPICE.
17
Q
Hundred Years War
A
- Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states.
- Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453.
- Fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states.
18
Q
Urban II
A
- Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.
- Called First Crusade in 1095.
- Shows the church isn’t as peaceful as people want you to think.
19
Q
Gregory VII
A
- Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church for interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI over practice of lay investors.
- Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church for interference of feudal lords.
- Quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI over practice of lay investors.
20
Q
investiture
A
- Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
- Practice of state appointment of bishops.
- Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
21
Q
Abelard, Peter
A
- Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
- University scholar who applied logic to problems of theology.
- Demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
22
Q
Bernard of Clairvaux
A
- Emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
- Emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God.
- Successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
23
Q
Aquinas, Thomas
A
- Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.
- -Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning.
- Believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.
24
Q
scholasticism
A
- Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.
- Dominant medieval philosophical approach.
- Shaped medieval thinking.
25
Q
Gothic
A
- An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.
- An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe.
26
Q
Hanseatic League
A
- An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
- An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
- Encouraged trade and spread of ideas/culture in Europe.
27
Q
guilds
A
- Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
- Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city.
- Regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
28
Q
Black Death
A
- Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe’s population; affected social structure.
- Significantly reduced Europe’s population.
- Gave living serfs mobility!!!
