25: The Consolidation of Latin America Flashcards
L’Overture,Toussaint
Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Hati in 1804.
Hidalgo, Father Miguel de
Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.
Iturbide, Augustin de
Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.
Bolivar, Simon
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.
Gran Colombia
Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.
de San Martin, Jose
A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence and led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-18, later collaborating with Simon Bolivar in the liberation of Peru. As “protector of Peru” he instituted a number of liberal reforms. For political reasons he went into exile in Europe in 1823.
Joao VI
Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro.
Pedro I
Son and successor of Joao IV in Brazil; aided in the declaration id Brazilian independence from Portugal in 18222; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.
Santa Anna, Andres
Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.
caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national politics; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.
centralists
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments who broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.
federalists
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.
Rosas, Juan Manuel de
Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.
Santa Anna, General Antonio Lopez de
Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.
guano
Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.
