22: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Question 1

caravels

Answer 1

Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.

Question 2

Asian sea trading network

Answer 2

Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based of glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silks.

Question 3

mercantilists

Answer 3

Economic theorists that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.

Question 4

Ormuz

Answer 4

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network.

Question 5

Goa

Answer 5

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network.

Question 6

factories

Answer 6

European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.

Question 7

Batavia

Answer 7

Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java.

Question 8

Dutch trading empire

Answer 8

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.

Question 9

Luzon

Answer 9

Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort.

Question 10

Mindanao

Answer 10

Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist a Spanish conquest.

Question 11

Xavier, Francis

Answer 11

Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1450s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites.

Question 12

Nobili, Robert di

Answer 12

Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.

Question 13

Hongwu

Answer 13

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry.

Question 14

Macao

Answer 14

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty.

Question 15

Canton

Answer 15

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty.

Question 16

Ricci, Matteo

Answer 16

Along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity.

Question 17

Schall, Adam

Answer 17

Along with Matteo Ricci, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity.

Question 18

Chongzhen

Answer 18

Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing.

Question 19

Nobunaga, Oda

Answer 19

Japanese daimyo; first to made extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command.

Question 20

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi

Answer 20

General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.

Question 21

Ieyasu, Tokugawa

Answer 21

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.

Question 22

Edo

Answer 22

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 23

Deshima

Answer 23

Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.

Question 24

school of National Learning

Answer 24

New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan’s unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century.