2.3 Carbohydrates & Lipids Flashcards
Composition of Disaccharides and Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide monomers linked together by condensation reactions
Carbohydrate composition
Recurring monomers (Monosaccharides) in ring structures
Formation of Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharide monomers may join via glycosidic linkages
Explain how Monosaccharides link to create polymers
- Carbohydrates are composed of recurring monomers called monosaccharides (which typically form ring structures)
- Monosaccharides link together via condensation reactions, water is a by-product
- 2 monosaccharide monomers join via a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide
- Many monosaccharide monomers join via glycosidic linkages to form polysaccharides
Formation of disaccharide
2 monosaccharide monomers join via a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide
Subunit of Monosaccharide
One
Subunit of Disaccharide
Two
Subunit of Polysaccharide
Many
Main function of monosaccharide
Energy Source
Main function of disaccharide
Transport Form
Main function of polysaccharides
Storage Form
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
(Gives Good Flavour)
Examples of Disaccharides
Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose
(Length Supports Movement)
Examples of Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
(Can Get Stored)
How the type of polymer is decided
Depends on monosaccharide subunits
Bonding arrangement between them
3 key polymers made from glucose monosaccharides
Cellulose
Starch (in plants)
Glycogen (in animals)
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharide
Found in the cell walls of plants
Composition of Cellulose
Liner molecule
Composed of B-glucose subunits
B-glucose is indigestible to most animals (lack enzyme)
Starch
Energy storage polysaccharide
Found in plants
Composition of Starch
Composed of a-glucose
Exists in 2 forms: Amylose or Amylopectin
Amylose
Form of starch
Linear (helical) molecule
Harder to digest
Less soluble
Takes up less space
Preferred Storage system in plants
Amylopectin
Form of starch
Branched molecule (contains additional 1-6 linkages)
Easier to digest
More soluble
Takes up more space
Least preferred storage system in plants
Contrast Amylose and Amylopectin
Form of starch
Linear (helical) molecule / Branched molecule (contains additional 1-6 linkages)
Harder to digest / Easier to digest
Less soluble / More soluble
Takes up less space / Takes up more space
Preferred Storage system in plants / Least preferred storage system in plants
Glycogen
Energy storage polysaccharide
Formed in the liver in animals
Composition of Glycogen
a-glucose subunits
linked together by 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)
Distinguish Amylopectin / Glycogen
Glycogen is more highly branched
1-6 linkages occur every
~20 / ~10 subunits
Fatty acids
Long hydrocarbon chains
Found in certain lipids
(triglycerides & phospholipids)
How fatty acids vary
In hydrocarbon chain length
In number of double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
Possess no double bonds
Linear in strcuture
Originate from animal sources (fats)
Solid at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids
Possess double bonds
Bent in structure
Originate from plant sources (oils)
Typically liquids at room temp
Types of fatty acid
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
2 types of Unsaturated fatty acid structural configurations
Cis
Trans
Cis Unsaturated fatty acids
Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon double bond are on the same side
Trans Unsaturated fatty acids
Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon double bond are on different sides
Origin of trans unsaturated fatty acids
Not commonly occurring in nature
produced through process called hydrogenation
Composition of trans unsaturated fatty acids
linear in structure (despite unsaturated)
solid at room temp
Triglycerides
Largest class of lipids
Function as long-term energy storage molecules
Storage of triglycerides in animals and plants
animals: as fats (solid)
plants: as oils (liquid)
How triglycerides form
When condensation reactions occur between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- Hydroxly group of glycerol combined with carboxyl groups of fatty acids = form ester link
- Condensation reaction results in formation of 3 molecules of water
Types of triglycerides
Saturated
Unsaturated
(Depending on composition of fatty acid chains)
Compare lipids and carbohydrates
Function as energy storage molecules in humans
Contrast lipids and carbohydrates
Storage (Lipids are long-term)
Osmolality (Lipids have less effect on the osmotic pressure of a cell)
Digestion (Carbohydrates are easier to digest and utilize)
ATP Yield (Lipids store more energy per gram)
Solubility (Carbohydrates are easier to transport in the bloodstream)
SODAS
BMI
Body Mass Index
provides a measure of relative mass based on the weight and height of the individual
