2.3 Carbohydrates & Lipids

Question 1

Composition of Disaccharides and Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Monosaccharide monomers linked together by condensation reactions

Question 2

Carbohydrate composition

Answer 2

Recurring monomers (Monosaccharides) in ring structures

Question 3

Formation of Polysaccharides

Answer 3

Many monosaccharide monomers may join via glycosidic linkages

Question 4

Explain how Monosaccharides link to create polymers

Answer 4

1. Carbohydrates are composed of recurring monomers called monosaccharides (which typically form ring structures)
2. Monosaccharides link together via condensation reactions, water is a by-product
3. 2 monosaccharide monomers join via a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide
4. Many monosaccharide monomers join via glycosidic linkages to form polysaccharides

Question 5

Formation of disaccharide

Answer 5

2 monosaccharide monomers join via a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide

Question 6

Subunit of Monosaccharide

Answer 6

One

Question 7

Subunit of Disaccharide

Answer 7

Two

Question 8

Subunit of Polysaccharide

Answer 8

Many

Question 9

Main function of monosaccharide

Answer 9

Energy Source

Question 10

Main function of disaccharide

Answer 10

Transport Form

Question 11

Main function of polysaccharides

Answer 11

Storage Form

Question 12

Examples of Monosaccharides

Answer 12

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
(Gives Good Flavour)

Question 13

Examples of Disaccharides

Answer 13

Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose
(Length Supports Movement)

Question 14

Examples of Polysaccharides

Answer 14

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
(Can Get Stored)

Question 15

How the type of polymer is decided

Answer 15

Depends on monosaccharide subunits
Bonding arrangement between them

Question 16

3 key polymers made from glucose monosaccharides

Answer 16

Cellulose
Starch (in plants)
Glycogen (in animals)

Question 17

Cellulose

Answer 17

Structural polysaccharide
Found in the cell walls of plants

Question 18

Composition of Cellulose

Answer 18

Liner molecule
Composed of B-glucose subunits
B-glucose is indigestible to most animals (lack enzyme)

Question 19

Starch

Answer 19

Energy storage polysaccharide
Found in plants

Question 20

Composition of Starch

Answer 20

Composed of a-glucose
Exists in 2 forms: Amylose or Amylopectin

Question 21

Amylose

Answer 21

Form of starch
Linear (helical) molecule
Harder to digest
Less soluble
Takes up less space
Preferred Storage system in plants

Question 22

Amylopectin

Answer 22

Form of starch
Branched molecule (contains additional 1-6 linkages)
Easier to digest
More soluble
Takes up more space
Least preferred storage system in plants

Question 23

Contrast Amylose and Amylopectin

Answer 23

Form of starch
Linear (helical) molecule / Branched molecule (contains additional 1-6 linkages)
Harder to digest / Easier to digest
Less soluble / More soluble
Takes up less space / Takes up more space
Preferred Storage system in plants / Least preferred storage system in plants

Question 24

Glycogen

Answer 24

Energy storage polysaccharide
Formed in the liver in animals

Question 25

Composition of Glycogen

Answer 25

a-glucose subunits
linked together by 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)

Question 26

Distinguish Amylopectin / Glycogen

Answer 26

Glycogen is more highly branched
1-6 linkages occur every
~20 / ~10 subunits

Question 27

Fatty acids

Answer 27

Long hydrocarbon chains
Found in certain lipids
(triglycerides & phospholipids)

Question 28

How fatty acids vary

Answer 28

In hydrocarbon chain length
In number of double bonds

Question 29

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 29

Possess no double bonds
Linear in strcuture
Originate from animal sources (fats)
Solid at room temp

Question 30

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

Possess double bonds
Bent in structure
Originate from plant sources (oils)
Typically liquids at room temp

Question 31

Types of fatty acid

Answer 31

Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated

Question 32

2 types of Unsaturated fatty acid structural configurations

Answer 32

Cis
Trans

Question 33

Cis Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 33

Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon double bond are on the same side

Question 34

Trans Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 34

Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon double bond are on different sides

Question 35

Origin of trans unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 35

Not commonly occurring in nature
produced through process called hydrogenation

Question 36

Composition of trans unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 36

linear in structure (despite unsaturated)
solid at room temp

Question 37

Triglycerides

Answer 37

Largest class of lipids
Function as long-term energy storage molecules

Question 38

Storage of triglycerides in animals and plants

Answer 38

animals: as fats (solid)
plants: as oils (liquid)

Question 39

How triglycerides form

Answer 39

When condensation reactions occur between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

1. Hydroxly group of glycerol combined with carboxyl groups of fatty acids = form ester link
2. Condensation reaction results in formation of 3 molecules of water

Question 40

Types of triglycerides

Answer 40

Saturated
Unsaturated
(Depending on composition of fatty acid chains)

Question 41

Compare lipids and carbohydrates

Answer 41

Function as energy storage molecules in humans

Question 42

Contrast lipids and carbohydrates

Answer 42

Storage (Lipids are long-term)
Osmolality (Lipids have less effect on the osmotic pressure of a cell)
Digestion (Carbohydrates are easier to digest and utilize)
ATP Yield (Lipids store more energy per gram)
Solubility (Carbohydrates are easier to transport in the bloodstream)

SODAS

Question 43

BMI

Answer 43

Body Mass Index
provides a measure of relative mass based on the weight and height of the individual