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IB DP Biology SL > 2.2 Water > Flashcards

2.2 Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of Water

A

H2O
2 hydrogen atoms = oxygen atom
covalently bonded

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2
Q

Covalent bonding of H2O described

A

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Oxygen has higher electronegativity = which attracts electrons more strongly.
Shared electrons orbit closer to oxygen

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3
Q

Polarity

A

How different the electrical poles of a molecule are

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4
Q

Polarity of water

A

Polar; oxygen atom is negative, hydrogen atoms are slightly postive
Charge difference is Dipole

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5
Q

Water polarity purpose

A

Charge difference (dipole) allows water to form weak associations with other polar molecules
(neg poles attract pos poles, etc.)

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6
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

When a (+)hydrogen atom is a attracted to a (-)fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen

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7
Q

Covalent bond

A

Formed by equal sharing of electrons from both atoms

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8
Q

Purpose of dipolairty of water molecule

A

enables it to form polar associations with other charged molecules (polar or ionic)

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonding of water

A

Water can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

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10
Q

Properties of water

A
  1. Thermal properties
  2. Cohesive / adhesive properties
  3. Solvent properties
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11
Q

How water has its unique properties

A

This intermolecular bonding between water. Not seen in other substances

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12
Q

Thermal properties of water

A

Can absorb a lot of heat before changing state
Requires breaking of hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Cohesive / adhesive properties

A

Water sticks to other water molecules (cohesion) and charged substances (adhesion)

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14
Q

Reason of water’s thermal property

A
  • Extensive hydrogen bonding of water molecules
  • H-bonds nees to be broken before state change, requires absorption of energy (heat)
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15
Q

Compare methane to water

A
  • Similar structures, in size & weight
  • Comparable valence structures
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16
Q

The function of water’s polarity

A

polar property attracts other molecules that are polar or have an ionic charge

17
Q

Cohesion

A

Ability of like molecules to stick together

18
Q

Adhesion

A

ability of dissimilar molecules to stick together

19
Q

Cohesion of water

A

strongly cohesive (forms hydrogen bonds)

20
Q

Adhesion of water

A

Water will form intermolecular associations with polar and charged molecules

21
Q

Significance of cohesive properties of water

A

Explains surface tension

22
Q

Explain surface tension

A

H-bonds between water molecules resist low levels of external force (surface tension)

23
Q

How smaller organisms move across the water surface

A

high surface tension; sufficiently dense enough to support the creature

24
Q

Significance of adhesive properties

A

Explains capillary action

25
Q

Explain Capillary action

A

Attraction to charged / polar surfaces allows water to flow in opposition to gravitational forces

26
Q

Capillary action

A

Water flowing in opposition of gravitational forces

27
Q

Purpose of capillary action

A

Allows water to be transported up plant stems via a transpiration stream

28
Q

Universal solvent

A

water; capacity to dissolve large number of subtances

29
Q

What can water dissolve

A

substances containing ions (charged particles) or polarity (electronegative atoms)

30
Q

How water solvency occurs

A
  1. Polar attraction of large quantities of water weakens intramolecular forces(ionic bonds)
  2. –> dissociation of atoms
  3. Slightly charged regions of water molecules surround atoms of opposing charge
  4. Dispersive hydration shells form
31
Q

Substances’ reaction to water

A

Can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic

32
Q

Hydrophilic

A

‘Water Loving’
Freely associate + readily dissolve in water

33
Q

Hydrophobic

A

‘Water Hating’
Don’t freely associate / readily dissolve in water

34
Q

Examples of hydrophobic subtances

A

Large, non-polar molecules
(e.g. fats, oils,…)

35
Q

Purpose of water solubility

A

Transport of essential molecules within the bloodstream depends on water solubility

36
Q

Transport of molecules in the bloodstream

A

Water soluble = travel freely in blood plasma
Water insoluble = cannot travel freely

37
Q

Examples of water-soluble substances

A

Sodium chloride
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids

38
Q

Examples of water-insoluble substances

A

Lipids
Proteins
Cholesterol

39
Q

How lipids move through bloodstream

A

Non-polar and hydrophobic
Form complexes with proteins (lipoproteins) to move through bloodstreams

IB DP Biology SL (20 decks)

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