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IB DP Biology SL > 1.1 Cell Theory > Flashcards

1.1 Cell Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory states that…

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things
  2. All living things are composed of cells(the smallest unit of life)
  3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Name of the processes in which cells reproduce

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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3
Q

How do cells multiply

A

Through division

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4
Q

All life…

A

Evolved from simpler ancestors

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5
Q

The membrane…

A

Contains all cell content

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6
Q

Function of genetic material

A

Instructions for cell activities

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7
Q

Activities are…

A

Cell reactions catalysed by enzymes produced in the cell

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8
Q

Own energy release system is

A

Power activities

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9
Q

Mitosis produces

A

Genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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10
Q

Meiosis produces

A

Haploid gamates (sex cells)

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11
Q

Exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. Striated Muscle Fibres (does not function as autonomous unit)
  2. Aesptate Fungal Hyphae (living structure NOT composed of discrete cells)
  3. Giant Algae (larger organism of only one cell)
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12
Q

How do Striated Muscle Fibres challenge cells theory?

A

Challenges idea: Cells function as autonomous unit.
Fuse to form very long Fibres and have multiple nuclei despite being surrounded by a single continuos plasma membrane

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13
Q

How do Fungal Hyphae challenge cell theory

A

Challenges idea: living structures are composed of discrete cells

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14
Q

How do Giant Algae challenge cells theory

A

Challenges idea: larger organisms are made up of many microscopic cells
Some unicellular algae may grow to large sizes

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15
Q

What are the functions of life

A

(MRS H GREN)
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity

Homeostasis

Growth
Response
Excretion
Nutrition

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions within organisms

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17
Q

Reproduction

A

Producing offspring (sexually/asexually)

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18
Q

Sensitivity

A

Response to internal & external environment

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining & regulating internal condition (e.g temperature)

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20
Q

Growth

A

Movement & change of shape & size

21
Q

Response

A

React to environmental changes

22
Q

Excretion

A

Getting rid of waste products due to metabolism

23
Q

Nutrition

A

Obtaining food to provide energy & materials for growth

24
Q

Importance of SA:Vol ratio

A

Important to the limitation of cell size

25
Q

The effects of a smaller cell

A

The diffusion pathway is smaller, there is less time and energy to move

26
Q

When the SA:Vol ratio is larger

A

More efficient diffusion

27
Q

The limitations of a large SA:Vol

A

Loses heat and water quickly

28
Q

The function of Mass/Volume of cells

A

Controls rate of metabolism

29
Q

The function of surface area of cell

A

The rate of material exchange

30
Q

How does volume, surface and SA:Vol ratio change as cell grows

A

Volume increases faster than surface rea, decrease SA:Vol

31
Q

What happens if metabolic rate of a cell exceeds change of materials and wastes

A

Low SA:Vol ratio, the cell will soon die

32
Q

How do cells maintain a high SA:Vol ratio

A

Divide to remain small

33
Q

What is needed for metabolism to preform at optimum rate

A

Oxygen must be absorbed and waste products removed

34
Q

What does a high SA/Vol ratio achieve

A

Faster waste and heat removal. Faster oxygen and nutrient absorption

35
Q

Conversion of mm to um and nm

A

mm to um = 1000
Mm to non = 1000000

36
Q

Conversion of um to nm

A

1um = 1000nm

37
Q

How to calculate image size

A

Actual size x magnification

38
Q

How to calculate actual size

A

Image size / magnification

39
Q

How to calculate magnification

A

Image size / magnification

40
Q

Emergent properties

A

Arise from interaction of single component
S to produce new functions

41
Q

Why can multicellular cells complete some functions unicellular cells cannot

A

New synergistic effect = Collective actions of individual cells combining

42
Q

Features of multicellular organisms

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems and are a complete organism

43
Q

How are tissues formed

A

When cells group

44
Q

Organs formed

A

Functional grouping of multiple tissues

45
Q

Organ systems formed

A

Organs that interact and carry out specific body functions

46
Q

How do specialized tissues develop

A

Through cell differentiation in multicellular organisms

47
Q

Differentiation

A

Process during development where newly formed cells become specialized/distinct. Expression of only some genes in genome.

48
Q

Significance of identical genome

A

All cells of an organism share an identical genome

49
Q

Steps of differentiation

A

Chemical signals activate different instructions within the gene, become specialized

IB DP Biology SL (20 decks)

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