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IB DP Biology SL > 2.1 Metabolic Molecules > Flashcards

2.1 Metabolic Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular biology

A

living processes in terms of chemical substances involved

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2
Q

Regulation of biological processes

A

regulated by enzymes, whose gene expression if controlled by DNA (gene activation)

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3
Q

Diversity of stable compounds

A

Carbon atoms ability to form 4 stable covalent bonds

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4
Q

Organic compound

A

compound that contains carbon + found in living things

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5
Q

Carbon

A

forms basis of organic life
-> ability to form large complex molecules via covalent bonding

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6
Q

Main classes of Carbon compounds

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Protiens
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7
Q

Catenation

A

stability of bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

Schematic of carbon atom

A

Can share 4 elections with other atoms to form 4 covalent bonds

4 valence electrons, valence shall capacity = 8 electrons

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

CH2O
Most abundant organic compound in nature

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10
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  1. source of short-term energy
  2. recognition molecule
  3. structural component of DNA / RNA
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11
Q

Lipids

A

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
Come in variety of forms (simple, complex or derived)

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12
Q

Function of Lipids

A
  1. Major components of cell membranes (phospholipids & cholesterol)
  2. Long-term energy storage molecule (fats & oils)
  3. Signalling molecule (steroids)
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13
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Genetic material of cells, determines inherited features of an organism (DNA or RNA)

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14
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

DNA - master code for protein assembly
RNA - role in manufacturing protiens

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15
Q

Proteins

A

50% of cell’s dry weight
composed of C, H, O, N atoms (some S)

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16
Q

Function of Proteins

A
  1. Regulatory molecules involved in catalysis (all enzymes are proteins)
  2. May function as a structural molecule
  3. Cellular signalling (transduction pathways)
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17
Q

Complex macromolecules made up of…

A

monomers

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18
Q

Composition of Carbohydrates, nucleic acids & proteins

A

monomeric subunits joined to form larger polymers

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19
Q

Composition of Lipids

A

Do NOT contain monomers
Composed of distinct subunits (e.g triglycerides)

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20
Q

Monomer Subunit of Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides (‘single sugar unit’)

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21
Q

Monomer Subunit of Lipids

A

Fatty acids / Mono-glycerides

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22
Q

Monomer Subunit of Protein

A

Amino Acids

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23
Q

Monomer Subunit of Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotides

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24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides

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25
Disaccharide
Two sugar units
26
Polysaccharide
Many sugar units
27
Structure of Monosaccharide
Form ring structure Can exist in different 3D configurations
28
Examples of Monosaccharides
1. Ribose 2. Glucose (Alpha & Beta)
29
Lipids do not contain a recurring monomer
Exist in different classes + vary in structure
30
Examples of Lipids
1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Waxes
30
Examples of Lipids
1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Waxes
31
Component of Lipids' (triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes) structure
fatty acid chain
32
Fatty Acid Chain
long chains of hydrocarbons may or may not contain double bonds
33
How to differentiate unsaturated vs saturated Fatty acid chain
Double bonded vs non-double bonded
34
Polynucleotide chains
made up of nucleotides
35
3 components making up nucleotide
1. Pentose sugar 2. a phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base
36
Nucleic Acids sugar/composition differentiation
Type of sugar & composition of bases differs between DNA & RNA
37
Polypeptide chains
formed from amino acids joined together
38
Structure of amino acid
Central carbon connected to an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) Variable group (noted 'R')
39
Purpose of amino acids varible group
Gives difference properties (e.g. polar/non polar)
40
Structure of Ribose Carbohydrate
Pentose - 5C
41
Structure of Glucose Carbohydrate
Hexose - 6C
42
Draw Ribose Carbohydrate
...
43
Draw Glucose Carbohydrate
...
44
Draw Saturated Fatty Acid Lipid
...
45
Draw Unsaturated Fatty Acid Lipid
...
46
Draw Generalised Amino Acid
...
47
Draw Structure of a Generalised Nucleotide
...
48
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, ribose, fructose
49
exmaples of disaccharides
lactose, ribose, maltose
50
examples of Glucose polymers
starch, glycogen, cellulose
51
Effect of lipids being non-polar + hydrophobic
insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar organic solvents
52
Hydrophobic
insoluble in water
53
non polar
molecule without electrical charges soluble in non-polar organic solvents
54
Properties of Saturated fats
Animal fats Solid at room temperature Non-double bonded
55
Properties of Unsaturated fats
Plant fats Liquid at room temperature Double bonded
56
Variation of the structure of complex carbohydrates
Depends on the composition of monomeric subunits
57
How Polysaccharides differ
Types of monosaccharides possessed Way subunits bond together
58
3 classes of Lipids
1. Simple Lipids 2. Compound Lipids 3. Derived Lipids
59
Simple Lipids
Esters of fatty acids & alcohol
60
Example of simple lipids
triglycerides, waxes
61
Compound Lipids
Esters of fatty acids, alcohol & additional groups
62
Example of compound lipids
Phospholipids & glycolipids
63
Derived Lipids
Substances derived from simple or compound lipids
64
Examples of derived lipids
Steroids & carotenoids
65
Formation of Polypeptide chain
1. Peptide bonds form between Amine & Carboxyl groups of adjacent Amino Acids 2. Fusion creates dipeptide 3. Further additions form Polypeptide chain
66
Folding of Polypeptide chains
depends on the order of amino acids in a sequence (based on chemical properties)
67
Formation of polynucleotide chain
Nucleotides form bonds between the pentose sugar and phosphate group to form long polynucleotide chains
68
Structure of DNA
1. Pairing of 2 complimentary chains via hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases to form double strands 2. Double-stranded molecule twists to form double helix
69
Significance of Urea in Molecular Biology
Example of a compound produced by living organisms & can be artificially synthesised
70
Vitalism
Belief that organic molecules could only be synthesised by living systems
71
Theory of Vitalism
- Living things possessed "vital force" needed to make organic molecules - Thus, organic compounds possessed non-physical element inorganic molecules lacked
72
How Vitalism was disproven
1. 1828, Frederick Woehler heated inorganic salt to produce Urea 2. Urea is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism in mammals 3. Artificial synthesis showed no fundamental difference of organic/inorganic molecules
73
Urea
Waste product of nitrogen metabolism, eliminated by kidneys in mammals
74
Metabolism
Connection of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell/organism
75
Purpose of Metabolism
Maintain life
76
2 key functions of Metabolic reactions
1. Provide source of energy for cellular processes 2. Enable synthesis & assimilation of new materials for use within the cell
77
Anabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
78
Anabolic reaction
Metabolic reactions that build complex molecules from simpler molecules
79
How anabolism synthesizes organic molecules
Condensation reactions
80
Condensation reaction
When monomers are covalently joined, water is produced as by-product
81
Examples of condensation reactions
1. Monosaccharides join (glycosidic linkages) = disaccharides & polysaccharides 2. Amino acids join (peptide bonds) = polypeptide chains 3. Glycerol + Fatty acids join (ester linkage) = triglycerides 4. Nucleotides join (phosphodiester bonds) = polynucleotide chains
82
Catabolism
Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
83
How catabolism breaks down organic molecules
hydrolysis reaction
84
Hydrolysis reaction
Require consumption of water to break bonds within polymer

IB DP Biology SL (20 decks)

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