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IB DP Biology SL > 2.1 Metabolic Molecules > Flashcards

2.1 Metabolic Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular biology

A

living processes in terms of chemical substances involved

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2
Q

Regulation of biological processes

A

regulated by enzymes, whose gene expression if controlled by DNA (gene activation)

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3
Q

Diversity of stable compounds

A

Carbon atoms ability to form 4 stable covalent bonds

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4
Q

Organic compound

A

compound that contains carbon + found in living things

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5
Q

Carbon

A

forms basis of organic life
-> ability to form large complex molecules via covalent bonding

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6
Q

Main classes of Carbon compounds

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Protiens
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7
Q

Catenation

A

stability of bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

Schematic of carbon atom

A

Can share 4 elections with other atoms to form 4 covalent bonds

4 valence electrons, valence shall capacity = 8 electrons

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

CH2O
Most abundant organic compound in nature

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10
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  1. source of short-term energy
  2. recognition molecule
  3. structural component of DNA / RNA
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11
Q

Lipids

A

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
Come in variety of forms (simple, complex or derived)

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12
Q

Function of Lipids

A
  1. Major components of cell membranes (phospholipids & cholesterol)
  2. Long-term energy storage molecule (fats & oils)
  3. Signalling molecule (steroids)
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13
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Genetic material of cells, determines inherited features of an organism (DNA or RNA)

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14
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

DNA - master code for protein assembly
RNA - role in manufacturing protiens

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15
Q

Proteins

A

50% of cell’s dry weight
composed of C, H, O, N atoms (some S)

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16
Q

Function of Proteins

A
  1. Regulatory molecules involved in catalysis (all enzymes are proteins)
  2. May function as a structural molecule
  3. Cellular signalling (transduction pathways)
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17
Q

Complex macromolecules made up of…

A

monomers

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18
Q

Composition of Carbohydrates, nucleic acids & proteins

A

monomeric subunits joined to form larger polymers

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19
Q

Composition of Lipids

A

Do NOT contain monomers
Composed of distinct subunits (e.g triglycerides)

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20
Q

Monomer Subunit of Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides (‘single sugar unit’)

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21
Q

Monomer Subunit of Lipids

A

Fatty acids / Mono-glycerides

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22
Q

Monomer Subunit of Protein

A

Amino Acids

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23
Q

Monomer Subunit of Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotides

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24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides

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25
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar units

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26
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugar units

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27
Q

Structure of Monosaccharide

A

Form ring structure
Can exist in different 3D configurations

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28
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  1. Ribose
  2. Glucose (Alpha & Beta)
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29
Q

Lipids do not contain a recurring monomer

A

Exist in different classes + vary in structure

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30
Q

Examples of Lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Waxes
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30
Q

Examples of Lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Waxes
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31
Q

Component of Lipids’ (triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes) structure

A

fatty acid chain

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32
Q

Fatty Acid Chain

A

long chains of hydrocarbons
may or may not contain double bonds

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33
Q

How to differentiate unsaturated vs saturated Fatty acid chain

A

Double bonded vs non-double bonded

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34
Q

Polynucleotide chains

A

made up of nucleotides

35
Q

3 components making up nucleotide

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. a phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous base
36
Q

Nucleic Acids sugar/composition differentiation

A

Type of sugar & composition of bases differs between DNA & RNA

37
Q

Polypeptide chains

A

formed from amino acids joined together

38
Q

Structure of amino acid

A

Central carbon connected to an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)
Variable group (noted ‘R’)

39
Q

Purpose of amino acids varible group

A

Gives difference properties (e.g. polar/non polar)

40
Q

Structure of Ribose Carbohydrate

A

Pentose - 5C

41
Q

Structure of Glucose Carbohydrate

A

Hexose - 6C

42
Q

Draw Ribose Carbohydrate

43
Q

Draw Glucose Carbohydrate

44
Q

Draw Saturated Fatty Acid Lipid

45
Q

Draw Unsaturated Fatty Acid Lipid

46
Q

Draw Generalised Amino Acid

47
Q

Draw Structure of a Generalised Nucleotide

48
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, ribose, fructose

49
Q

exmaples of disaccharides

A

lactose, ribose, maltose

50
Q

examples of Glucose polymers

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

51
Q

Effect of lipids being non-polar + hydrophobic

A

insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar organic solvents

52
Q

Hydrophobic

A

insoluble in water

53
Q

non polar

A

molecule without electrical charges
soluble in non-polar organic solvents

54
Q

Properties of Saturated fats

A

Animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Non-double bonded

55
Q

Properties of Unsaturated fats

A

Plant fats
Liquid at room temperature
Double bonded

56
Q

Variation of the structure of complex carbohydrates

A

Depends on the composition of monomeric subunits

57
Q

How Polysaccharides differ

A

Types of monosaccharides possessed
Way subunits bond together

58
Q

3 classes of Lipids

A
  1. Simple Lipids
  2. Compound Lipids
  3. Derived Lipids
59
Q

Simple Lipids

A

Esters of fatty acids & alcohol

60
Q

Example of simple lipids

A

triglycerides, waxes

61
Q

Compound Lipids

A

Esters of fatty acids, alcohol & additional groups

62
Q

Example of compound lipids

A

Phospholipids & glycolipids

63
Q

Derived Lipids

A

Substances derived from simple or compound lipids

64
Q

Examples of derived lipids

A

Steroids & carotenoids

65
Q

Formation of Polypeptide chain

A
  1. Peptide bonds form between Amine & Carboxyl groups of adjacent Amino Acids
  2. Fusion creates dipeptide
  3. Further additions form Polypeptide chain
66
Q

Folding of Polypeptide chains

A

depends on the order of amino acids in a sequence (based on chemical properties)

67
Q

Formation of polynucleotide chain

A

Nucleotides form bonds between the pentose sugar and phosphate group to form long polynucleotide chains

68
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  1. Pairing of 2 complimentary chains via hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases to form double strands
  2. Double-stranded molecule twists to form double helix
69
Q

Significance of Urea in Molecular Biology

A

Example of a compound produced by living organisms & can be artificially synthesised

70
Q

Vitalism

A

Belief that organic molecules could only be synthesised by living systems

71
Q

Theory of Vitalism

A
  • Living things possessed “vital force” needed to make organic molecules
  • Thus, organic compounds possessed non-physical element inorganic molecules lacked
72
Q

How Vitalism was disproven

A
  1. 1828, Frederick Woehler heated inorganic salt to produce Urea
  2. Urea is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism in mammals
  3. Artificial synthesis showed no fundamental difference of organic/inorganic molecules
73
Q

Urea

A

Waste product of nitrogen metabolism, eliminated by kidneys in mammals

74
Q

Metabolism

A

Connection of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell/organism

75
Q

Purpose of Metabolism

A

Maintain life

76
Q

2 key functions of Metabolic reactions

A
  1. Provide source of energy for cellular processes
  2. Enable synthesis & assimilation of new materials for use within the cell
77
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

78
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Metabolic reactions that build complex molecules from simpler molecules

79
Q

How anabolism synthesizes organic molecules

A

Condensation reactions

80
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When monomers are covalently joined, water is produced as by-product

81
Q

Examples of condensation reactions

A
  1. Monosaccharides join (glycosidic linkages) = disaccharides & polysaccharides
  2. Amino acids join (peptide bonds) = polypeptide chains
  3. Glycerol + Fatty acids join (ester linkage) = triglycerides
  4. Nucleotides join (phosphodiester bonds) = polynucleotide chains
82
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

83
Q

How catabolism breaks down organic molecules

A

hydrolysis reaction

84
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Require consumption of water to break bonds within polymer

IB DP Biology SL (20 decks)

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