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RENAL module - 4th year > 2014 final > Flashcards

2014 final Flashcards

1
Q

A patient presenting with urethral strictures, what is the method of investigation for his condition?

a. MCUG
b. Ascending urethrography
c. MRI

A

b. Ascending urethrography

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2
Q

Which of the following renal tumors is associated with hypoploidy?

a. Clear cell carcinoma
b. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
c. Papillary renal cell carcinoma
d. Urothelial carcinoma

A

b. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

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3
Q

During a surgical procedure on the kidney from the posterior abdominal wall the surgeon was avoiding any dislocation of the right ureter from its anatomical location, especially towards the lateral side. What is the anatomical basis of his decision?

a. Blood vessels enter medially
b. Blood vessels enter laterally
c. Lymph exits laterally
d. Nerves enter medially
e. Nerves enter laterally

A

a. Blood vessels enter medially

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4
Q

The middle layer of thoracolumbar fascia was incised during a renal surgery when approaching the kidney posteriorly. Which structure must be traversed next to reach the anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia?

a. Perirenal fat
b. Renal fascia
c. Quadratus lumborum
d. Psoas major

A

c. Quadratus lumborum

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5
Q

What’s the first investigation to differentiate between solid and cystic masses of kidney?

a. Ultrasound
b. MRI
c. CT
d. Abdominal X-ray

A

a. Ultrasound

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6
Q

A 37-year-old diabetic woman developed a urinary tract infection. Her urine was sampled and yielded a bacterium that do not produce nitrate. What is the most likely causative agent?

a. Group B streptococci
b. E. coli
c. Candida
d. Klebsiella

A

a. Group B streptococci

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7
Q

A patient was found to have a staghorn calculus, and his urine was tested to be alkaline. What is the most likely associated infectious agent?

A

Proteus mirabilis

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8
Q

What is the renal plasma flow if the GFR = 95ml/min and the filtration fraction =25%?

A

380 ml/min

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9
Q

A Kuwaiti male patient that is a smoker with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia developed end stage renal disease, which of the following risk factors is mainly responsible for developing ESRD?

a. Smoking
b. Male
c. Kuwaiti
d. Hypercholesterolemia
e. Hypertension

A

e. Hypertension

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10
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause acute renal failure?

a. Deposition of crystals in urine
b. Microvascular angiopathy
c. Toxic metabolites
d. Increased intraglomerular resistance

A

d. Increased intraglomerular resistance

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11
Q

Which vessel prevents the ascent of kidneys into adult position resulting in a horseshoe kidney?

a. Superior mesenteric artery
b. Inferior mesenteric artery

A

b. Inferior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

Which of the following factors increase renal blood flow?

a. Nitric oxide
b. Norepinephrine
c. ADH

A

a. Nitric oxide

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13
Q

ABG values were the following pH = 7.36, Bicarbonate = 15, pCO2 = 22, Cl = 100 (98-106), Na = 140, K = 4; what is the diagnosis?

a. Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
b. High anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis
c. High anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

A

c. High anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

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14
Q

A patient presented with hemoptysis, cough, and hematuria. IF staining of a renal biopsy showed linear deposition of IgG. What is the diagnosis?

a. Wegener’s granulomatosis
b. Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

b. Goodpasture’s syndrome

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15
Q

Induces nephrotoxicity by altering intraglomerular dynamics and reduces perfusion?

a. Cyclosporin
b. Statins
c. Acyclovir
d. NSAIDS

A

d. NSAIDS

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16
Q

What is the MOA of Furosemide?

A

Inhibits Na/k/2Cl cotransport

17
Q

What is the best diuretic used for calcium oxalate kidney stone?

a. Furosemide
b. Amiloride
c. Mannitol
d. Hydrochlorothiazide

A

d. Hydrochlorothiazide

18
Q

Part of bladder not guarded by a sphincter in female? (EMQ)

A

Internal urethral orifice

19
Q

Part of bladder has flap mechanism to stop urine backflow? (EMQ)

A

Intramural ureter

20
Q

Which of the following is an indication for Potter’s syndrome?

a. One umbilical artery
b. Oligohydramnios

A

b. Oligohydramnios

21
Q

This lesion is found in 80% of prostate carcinoma?

A

PIN

22
Q

What is the effect of prostaglandins on GFR? (EMQ)

A

Increase glomerulus hydrostatic pressure, RPF and GFR

23
Q

What is the effect of endothelin on GFR? (EMQ)

A 
Decrease in ultrafiltration pressure and GFR/ Constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles,
decreasing GFR (Not sure how exactly was the answer formulated in our exam)
24
Q

What is the effect of Ang II on GFR?

A

Causes efferent artery constriction, increase and GFR, and no change in filtration fraction

25
Q

A child presented with periorbital and lower limbs edema. He was found to have excessive proteinuria. Light microscope and IF were normal. What do you expect to see in ultrastructure/ EM?

A

Diffuse Effacement of podocytes foot processes

26
Q

What is an effect of low sodium diet?

A

Decreased dopamine

27
Q

What is the mechanism of transcellular absorption of K in TALH?

a. Cotransport with Na and Cl
b. Transport between the cells

A

a. Cotransport with Na and Cl

28
Q

Which of the following can be a mechanism of action of a diuretic?

a. Activation of mechanoreceptors on principle cells
b. Activate Na/K ATPase
c. Opening of ROMK and BK channels

A

a. Activation of mechanoreceptors on principle cells

29
Q

A patient’s urine analysis showed normal H+ and bicarbonate concentration, and pH<5.5; however, net acid secretion was lower than the normal range. The patient developed metabolic acidosis. Which of the following is true?

a. The patient has type II RTA
b. The distal tubules are unable to acidify the urine/concentrate H+
c. Production of ammonia in proximal tubules is decreased

A

c. Production of ammonia in proximal tubules is decreased

30
Q

Proliferation of epithelial and stromal elements of the prostate.

a. Prostatic carcinoma
b. Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
c. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
d. Chronic abacterial prostatitis
e. Chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

b. Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate

31
Q

A 10-year-old boy had fever, pharyngitis and white exudate oozing from his tonsils. A few weeks later he developed hematuria and periorbital puffiness. What do you expect to find on microscope?

a. Glomerular crescents formation
b. Neutrophils in the glomeruli

A

b. Neutrophils in the glomeruli

32
Q

A testicular tumor was found to have large round cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, large central nuclei and prominent nucleoli, and fibrous septa with lymphocytes and plasma cells. What is the diagnosis?

a. Seminoma
b. Embryonal carcinoma

A

a. Seminoma

33
Q

A man had a road traffic accident where he lost a large amount of blood, after which he died. What do you expect to see on the examination of his kidneys?

a. Apical blunting
b. Diffuse necrosis of the kidneys
c. Papillary necrosis
d. Diffuse cortical necrosis

A

d. Diffuse cortical necrosis

34
Q

What condition is associated with recurrent renal stones in young people?

A

Cystinuria

35
Q

A genetic mutation causes recurrent renal stones made of which component?

A

Cysteine

36
Q

Which of the following drugs cause renal stones/crystals formation?

a. NSAIDs
b. Acetaminophen
c. Acyclovir

A

c. Acyclovir

37
Q

A patient presented to the outpatient department complaining of shortness of breath. Examination showed lower limbs and periorbital edema. A urine analysis demonstrated proteinuria but no glucose or any blood cells. Upon further investigations it was found that this patient is positive for hepatitis B virus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

RENAL module - 4th year (17 decks)

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