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RENAL module - 4th year > 2009 final > Flashcards

2009 final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main blood supply to the middle ureter?

A

Gonadal artery

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2
Q

What secretes renin?

A

Jextoglomerular cells

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3
Q

Which vessel can be a cause of failure of ascending of kidneys?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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4
Q

What is the result of sympathetic activation?

A

Increase Na+ reabsorption

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5
Q

What causes a decrease of GFR?

A

Obstruction of ureters

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6
Q

Concentration of plasma x = 2 mg, GFR = 110, Tm for secretion = 80, clearance of PAH = 550. What is the excretion rate?

A

300

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7
Q

A patient with concussion then passed a larger amount of water (6L), Na is normal, blood pressure is 110/70, and urine analysis shows no proteinuria and no cells. What further investigation should be done?

  • MRI of the brain
  • Water deprivation test
A

?

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8
Q

A 50-year-old patient was unconscious. Plasma Na is normal, urine Na is 25, FENa is <1% (0.23%), and osmolarity is 500. What does he have?

A

Prerenal failure

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9
Q

A patient with inflammation and edema with lymphocytes and eosinophils

A

Hypersensitivity type of interstitial nephritis

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10
Q

Which drug causes crystal nephropathy?

A

Acyclovir

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11
Q

A patient with diffuse GBM thickening and spikes due to hepatitis B

A

Membranous GN

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12
Q

A patient who is a smoker and hypertensive with obesity. What would be the most cause of ESRD in this patient?

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

What is pathologically seen in PISGN?

A

Subepithelial humps

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14
Q

What causes increase of ADH?

A

Hypernatremia

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15
Q

What is a function of angiotensin II?

A

Stimulate Na-H exchanger in proximal tubules

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16
Q

Which is an aldosterone antagonist?

A

Spironolactone

17
Q

A patient with fever, dysuria, and rigors, with hematuria on examination and a nitrate reductase test was positive. What is the main causative agent?

A

E. Coli

18
Q

High absorption of what in the gut would lead to the formation of calcium stones?

A

Oxalate

19
Q

What is the best diagnostic method for kidney stones?

A

CT-KUB

20
Q

A pregnant lady wanted to check for obstruction in her ureters. What is the best way?

A

Ultrasound

21
Q

What is the main risk factor for cysteine stones?

A

Genetics

22
Q

A patient with respiratory alkalosis and urine osmolarity of 500. Electrolytes were normal and the pH is 7. What is the best way to compensate?

  1. Decrease HCO3 reabsorption in PCT
  2. Increase ammonia secretion
  3. Increase titrable acids
  4. Decrease HCO3 synthesis in CD
A
  1. Decrease HCO3 synthesis in CD
23
Q

Which zone of the prostate can be felt in a digital exam if enlarged?

A

Peripheral zone

24
Q

A 75-year-old patient with difficulty passing urine, he has no other symptoms

A

Prostatic hyperplasia

25
Q

pH = 7.33, HCO3 = 15, CO2 = 31

A

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

26
Q

A patient with CO3 = 22 (normal_, CO2 = 40 (normal), PH = 7.38 with urine albumin = 88. Other electrolytes are normal

  1. Completely compensated metabolic acidosis
  2. Completely compensated respiratory acidosis
  3. High anion gap due to albumin secretion
A
  1. High anion gap due to albumin secretion
27
Q

What is the immediate buffer for volatile acids?

A

Intracellular proteins

28
Q

What will cause increased potassium secretion in urine?

A

Increased tubular flow

29
Q

What causes hypernatremia with increase water intake?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

30
Q

In intercalated cells, what is responsible for bicarbonate reabsorbtion to the interstitial fluid?

A

HCO3-Cl exchanger

31
Q

EBM: A diagnostic test with pre-test probability of 50%, if it became 10% what will happen?

A

Sensitivity and specificity will not change, PPV will decrease, NPV will increase

32
Q

EBM: There was a four-squares box with numbers, if the patient was tested positive, what is the chance of her having the disease?

A

You calculate it by using the formula (A/A+B)

33
Q

EBM: What is the importance of the gold standard?

A

Define disease and non-disease states

34
Q

EBM: You did a case control study regarding contraceptive use and breast cancer, your cases were taken from the hospital while your controls were taken from the infertility department. What is the problem with the study?

A

Controls are not appropriate

35
Q

EBM: The prevalence of getting other types of cancer if you have breast cancer is 6%, while in controls it’s 3%. What measures this?

A

Odds Ratio

36
Q

EBM: An RCT was done with an intention to treat analysis. What was the purpose of that?

A

Keep randomization intact at all cost

RENAL module - 4th year (17 decks)

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