20. Microbio: Bacterial pathology Flashcards
Bacteria assoc pigment: red metachromic granules or babes ernst granules
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Bacteria assoc pigment: red
Serratia marcescens
Bacteria assoc pigment: bluish green; associated with NOSOCOMIAL (hospital acquired) infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
BQ: Bacteria assoc pigment: yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces israeli
Metabolically active (maturing); not yet dividing. - nagaadapt palang yung microorganism sa environment
Lag phase
Cell division is rapid
- Bactericidal antibiotics act in this phase
Log phase/Exponential phase
Kill bacteria
- to take effect = cells must be in cell division stage
Bactericidal
Inhibition of growth and multiplication
Bacteriostatic
Rate of division = death rate
Stationary phase
Nutrients are greatly reduced, TOXINS increased
Death > multiplication
Death phase
BQ: What do you call the cell division of bacteria?
Binary fission (Asexual reproduction)
BQ: What are the small DNA molecules found in the microorganisms that are separated from their chromosomal DNA?
Plasmid
This is the process of transferring PLASMIDS from one microbe to another
Horizontal gene transfer or bacterial recombination
Direct contact and uses SEX PILI(used for attachment)
Conjugation
Type of horizontal gene transfer where DNA is left in envt then engulfed by recipient bacteria
Transformation
“F” for feces nlilalabas naiiwan sa envt
Uses bacteriophage or a bacterial virus to transfer plasmids
Transduction
“D” delivery boy: transfer
Bacteriophage = USER
- Phage genome combines with bacteria (Lysogenic cycle)
- When bacteria multiplies, viral DNA also multiplies
- Phage kills bacteria (LYTIC CYCLE)
Temperate phage
Bacteriophage = not useful to the bacteria
- phage kills bacteria (lytic cycle)
Virulent phage
BQ: What is the basic component of a CELL WALL? (bacterial cell wall)
Glycoproteins
Gram positive cell wall is _____ than gram negative
Gram positive thicker cell wall
Peptidoglycan of gram positive vs gram negative
Thick peptidoglycan positive
Thin peptidoglycan negative
Exotoxin of gram +
Attached to the peptidoglycan or murein LAYER
+eichoic acid = EXOtoxin (+)
ENDOtoxin of gram -
Activated immune response
Lipopolysaccharide (ENDOtoxin -)
What gram positive bacteria produces ENDOtoxin and EXOtoxin?
Lis+teria monocytogenes
With mycolic acid which is a waxy substance that is resistant to gram staining and decolorization
Acid fast
Is a waxy substance that is resistant to gram staining and decolorization
Mycolic acid
Gram staining procedure (VIAS)
Crystal violet (primary stain)
Iodine (violet)
Alcohol (decolorization)
Safranin/carbolfuchsin (red; counterstain)
Color of gram +
Violet
Color of gram -
Red
Streptococcus mutans: gram _
S. Mutans gram + violet
Neisseria gonorrhea: gram _
N. Gonorrhea gram - red
Acid fast staining procedure (CAM)
Carbolfuchsin (red primary stain)
Acid-alcohol
Methylene blue (blue counterstain)
Acid fast staining is aka
“Ziehl neelsen stain”
Color of acid fast bacteria
Red
Color of gram + and - in acid fast staining
Blue
Gram+ blue to violet
Normal bacteria of the SKIN
Staphylococcus
Grape like
Staphylococcus
Normal bacteria of the ORAL CAVITY
Streptococcus
Chain like
Streptococcus
Pus producing and resistant to drugs
Staphylococcus
Virulence factors of Staphylococcal infections
Protein A
Coagulase
Staphylokinase
Hyaluronidase
Virulence factors of Streptococcal infections
Streptokinase
Pneumolysin
M protein
Staph virulence factor: prevents complement action of complement proteins
Protein A
BQ: What staph bacteria that clots blood by activating Prothrombin to Thrombin??
(used to create CLOT)
Coagulase
BQ: What staph bacteria activates plasminogen producing plasmin??
(used to DISSOLVE CLOT)
Staphylokinase
What staph bacteria breaksdown hyaluronic acid; spreading factor
Hyaluronidase
Bone and bone marrow inflammation
Rx: moth eaten
Brodies abscess
Osteomyelitis
Causative agent of osteomyelitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Most common cause of acute endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus
“A”cute - “a”ureus
BQ: What is the most common cause of ENDOCARDITIS?
Streptococcus viridans
(Su”B”acute - “V”iridans)
- KASI ITO YUNG MAS COMMON NA ENDOCARDITIS
Localized pus containing skin boil
Furuncle
Extensive form of furuncle
Carbuncule
Bacteria that causes food poisoning or gastroenteritis
Staphylococcus
BQ: What STREP bacteria activates plasminogen to plasmin?
Streptokinase
Cytotoxin mainly of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumolysin
Antigen of group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus
M protein
2 classifications of streptococcal infections
Alpha hemolytic
Beta hemolytic
Produces “incomplete” hemolysis
Alpha hemolytic
“A”lpha - “A”incomplete
Produces “complete” hemolysis
Beta hemolytic
Alpha hemolytic uses _ to lyse blood cells INCOMPLETELY
Hydrogen peroxide
Beta hemolytic uses _ to lyse blood COMPLETELY
Streptolysin
Bacterial pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumonia
Subacute endocarditis
Streptococcus viridans
1st colonizer of plaque
Strep. sanguis
1st colonizer of oral cavity (10-12hrs or *24hrs(sterile))
Strep. Salivarius
Most numerous bacteria in oral cavity
Strep salivarius
BQ: Caries
Strep mutans
What is the predominant bacteria in ENAMEL?
Strep mutans
What is the predominant bacteria in DENTIN?
Lactobacillus acidophilus*
-lactobacillus casei
What is the predominant bacteria in ROOT SURFACE
Actinomyces viscosus
Reaction between food and saliva
24-48 hrs after tooth brushing
Plaque
Colony of microorganisms
Biofilm
BQ: sugars in plaque
*Dextrans/glucans (sticky sugar:Adhesive)
Levans
BQ: Which of the ffg diseases will result to hospitalization?
Pansinusitis
Infection of lungs that may result to pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
2 types of pneumonia
Bacterial
Viral
Bacteria involved in bacterial pneumonia
Strep pneumoniae
Viral pneumonia: Adult
Influenza virus
Viral pneumonia: children
Respiratory syncytial virus
Example of influenza virus
Magaling mag mutate ung influenza virus: nagiiba yung shape palagi kaya nagkakaflu parin kahit ngpavaccine na
H1N1
Virulence factor in Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep
M protein (looks like myosin)
Most commonly involved GABS
Streptococcus pyogenes
Yellowish honey colored scabs in the skin
Impetigo
“Strawberry tongue”
Scarlet fever
Disease with strawberry tongue
Unknown cause
Ddx: with Scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease
3 diseases associated with Strep Pyogenes
Impetigo
Scarlet fever
Strep throat
Hypersensitivity to M protein debris, after the body has recovered from the actual infection
Post streptococcal infections
BQ: Generalized rheumatism
Characterized by polyarthritis, Pancarditis, Valvular damage - mitral valve > aortic valve, Chorea, Erythema marginatum
Rheumatic fever
5 charac features of Rheumatic fever
Polyarthritis Pancarditis Valvular damage - mitral valve > aortic valve CHOREA ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM
Mitral valve is aka
Bicuspid valve (LEFT)
Tricuspid valve - right side
Neurological manifestation of Rheumatic fever characterized by abnormal involuntary movements
Sydenham’s CHOREA
Pink torso rings
Erythema marginatum
BQ: Which of the ffg is post strep infection?
(post streptococcal) Glomerulonephritis
What are the 3 most common bacteria that uses COLLAGENASE and HYALURONIDASE?
SA - staph aureus
SP - Strep pyogenes
CP - clostridium perfringens
3 that has PSEUDOMEMBRANES
Corynebacterium diphtheria - (diphtheritic membrane)
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Pseudomembranous colitis
BQ: Punched out grayish pseudomembrane in interdental papilla
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Needs bacteriophage(bacterial virus) with diphtheria toxin to cause a disease
Corynebacterium
Necrosis pf pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract surface producing diphtheritic membrane (pseudomembranous membrane)
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Granules in Corynebacterium diphtheria
Red metachromic granules or “Babes Ernst granules”
Histologic app of Corynebacterium diphtheria
Chinese character
*(same with fibrous dysplasia)
DPT Vaccine?
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
“Whooping cough” caused by BORDATELLA Pertussis
Pertussis
Causative agent of tetanus
Clostridium tetani (Anaerobic: mahilig sa walang oxygen; malalim na sugat sa dog bite)
Vaccine for tetanus
Tetanus toxoid
Toxin in tetanus
Tetanus toxin
Hyperexcitability of muscle and neurons due to hypocalcemia?
Tetany
Characteristic of TETANUS/LOCK JAW where the back becomes extremely arched?
Opisthotonus
BQ: Partly gram + and fungi
- actinomycosis
- often suppurative and causes “yellowish sulfur granules”
Actinomycetes
Normal oral microflora
Causes suppuration
Common in cervicofacial area
Actinomyces israeli
BQ: Causes root surface caries
Actinomyces viscosus
Produces LACTIC ACID that causes caries or demineralization of teeth
Found in oral cavity and VAGINA
Lactobacillus
Causes dentinal caries
Lactobacillus acidophilis/(casei)
Bacteria that doesnt need nutrients to survive
Spore forming bacteria
Structure produced by bacteria that is RESISTANT TO STERILIZATION and envtal factors (such as high temp and chemicals)
Spores
Best way to eliminate spores
Autoclave
121C for 15-30mins with 15psi
Aerobic Spore forming bacteria
Bacillus
Anaerobic spore forming bacteria
Clostridium
Seen in blood of sheep
Causing anthrax or “WOOL SORTER’S DISEASE”
Bacillus antracis
Other name for anthrax
Wool sorter’s disease
Dark scabs on skin
Seen in burns
Eschars
Affected type II pneumocytes (no surfactant cannot inflate)
Respiratory distress syndrome
causative agent of tetanus or lock jaw
Clostridium tetani
Cause of death in Tetanus
Respiratory distress
Muscle spasm due to excitation of neurons due to tetanus toxin
Tetanus or lock jaw
Causes botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Results to muscle paralysis or muscle relaxation due to botulinum toxin (botox)
— common in expired canned goods and undercooked foods
Clostridium botulinum
Causes GAS GANGRENE
Clostridium perfringens
BQ:Seen in large intestine; Causes pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
Inflammation of colon/ large intestine
Pseudomembranous colitis
Pseudomembranous colitis: drug induced
Clindamycin
Tx for C. difficile colitis
Metronidazole
Vancomycin
Used to treat C. Difficile colitis
- attacks anaerobic
- common in periodontitis
Metronidazole
BQ: Most common allergic reaction to Vancomycin
Red Man Syndrome
C. difficile is seen in what organ
Large intestine
Partly gram + and ACID FAST
—Opportunistic microorg that attacks immunocompromised pxs
Nocardia (N. asteroides)
BQ: Gram positive that has ENDOtoxin and EXOtoxin
Causes “Listeriosis”
Listeria (L. monocytogenes)
Gonorrhea; a venereal disease
Neisseria gonorrhea
Causative agent for young adult meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Microorg assoc with meningitis of NEONATES (0-30days)
Escherichia coli
Microorg assoc with meningitis of INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Haemophilus influenza
Microorg assoc with meningitis of OLD ADULTS
Streptococcus pneumonia
Disease associated with meningitis
— severe meningitis
— adrenal gland failure/bleeding
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
spiral/helical/corkscrew shape gram negative bacteria
Spirochetes
Causative agent of syphilis; venereal
Treponema pallidum
Hutchinson’s triad or congenital syphilis triad
Hutchinson’s incisors
Interstitial keratitis
Deafness (8th nerve)
Treatment for syphilis
Penicillin
Salivarsan
1st drug for syphilis
Salivarsan
Causative agent for periodontal disease and vincent’s disease
Treponema denticola
Other names for Vincent’s disease
Trench mouth
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Presence of painful punched out grayish pseudomembrane in interdental papilla; fetid odor
Vincent’s disease (trench mouth/NUG)
Tx for Vincent’s dse/Trench mouth/NUG
Debridement
Irrigation
Antibiotics (Penicillin)
Causative agent for leptospirosis; affects LIVER resulting to JAUNDICE
Leptospira hystolica
Involved in nosocomial infections or hospital acquired
Pseudomonas aerigonosa
Most common bacteria in severe anaerobic infections like periodontitis
Bacteriodes
Produces black pigmentations
Hydrolyzes collagen resulting to bone resorption
Bacteriodes melaninogenicus
Associated with periodontal infections
Produces black pigmentation also
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Obligate intracellular parasites (2)
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Causative agent of “EPIdemic typhus” which is caused by lice
Epidemic - widespread
R. prowazekii
Causative agent of “ENdemic typhus” - fleas
Endemic - small area
R. typhus
Causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever - ticks
R. rickettsia
Causative agent for
- Scrub typhus: mites
- Q fever: tick feces
R. Tsutsugamushi
Most common cause of STD in USA
Chlamydia
Ex: chlamydia trachomatis
Causative agent for typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
Bacteria in the STOMACH and small intestine
Helicobacter pylori
Causative agent of Cholera
Vibrio cholera
Causative agent of Shigellosis (which results to diarrhea)
Shigella dysenteriae
Causative agent of amoeba (results to diarrhea)
Entamoeba histolytica
Causative agent of TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2 features of Pulmonary TB
Ghon’s focus
Ghon’s complex
BQ: A feature of pulmonary TB which is seen as a “COIN” lesion radiographically
Ghon’s tubercle/focus
A feature of pulmonary TB: w/ lymph node involvement
Ghon’s complex
Macrophages in TB (2)
Epitheloid cells Langhans cells (fused epitheloid)
Treatment for TB
RIPES: Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol STREPTOMYCIN*
BQ: What is the most common site of Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis?
Apex of lungs
BQ: Tb of the BONE
Potts disease
BQ: Tb of the NECK
Scrofula (King’s evil)
BQ: Generalized TB is called?
Miliary TB
Generalized:malala:miliary
BQ: TB in children is called?
Primary complex
Not contagious!!
BQ: Type of necrosis seen in TB if it is untreated?
Caseous necrosis
Causative agent of leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
Virus of bacteria
Bacteriophage
Toxin of gram +
Exotoxin
Toxin of gram -
Endotoxin
Other term for peptidoglycan
Murein layer
Cell wall that has thin but multiple layers
Gram negative cell wall
Function of PLASMIN
For fibrinolysis: breakdown of fibrin
Causative agent of osteomyelitis
Staph aureus
Layers of heart
Epicardium - outer
Myocardium - middle; beats/contractions
Endocardium - innermost
What bacteria causes gastroenteritis or food poisoning
Staphylococcus
Complication of H1N1
Viral pneumonia
Same causative agent: influenza virus
disease that is spread worldwide
Pandemic
PANkalahatan
Examples of pandemic diseases
Caries
Flu
Seasonal disease
Epidemic
Examle of epidemic disease
Dengue
Disease that is localized; specific area
Endemic
END : hanggang dun lang
Examples of Endemic disease
Fluorosis/ mottled enamel
Malaria
BQ: 3 bacterias associated with PSEUDOMEMBRANES
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Treponema denticola- NUG
Clostridium difficile - Pseudomembranous colitis
Cause of death of tetanus
Respiratory depression: if diaphragm affected
Partly gram + and fungi
Actinomycetes
BQ: causes yellowish sulfur granules
Actinomyces israeli
BQ: Spore forming bacterias
BACILLUS
CLOSTRIDIUM
3 diseases associated with E coli:
Meningitis
UTI
Traveller’s diarrhea
BQ: bacteria that causes Traveller’s diarrhea
E coli
Other name for Traveller’s diarrhea
Montezuma’s revenge
Prevention of Congenital syphilis
Caesarian section
“natural penicillins”
Penicillin G and VK
Doc for syphilis
Penicillin G
- 1st or original penicillin
- parenteral injection (in”G”ection)
BQ: Penicillin VK is administered via
ORAL (“VK” - vivig)
Gold standard of mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine
3 bacterias assoc with NOSOCOMIAL infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E coli
Staph aureus
BQ: Endo-Perio microorganism
“Bacteriodes” (Bacteriodes melaninogenicus) - * if one lang
Porphyromonas gingivalis
BQ: bacteria that produces BLACK pigmentations
*Bacteriodes / B. Melaninogenicus
porphyromonas gingivalis-pag wala sa choices
“Parasite of parasite”
Rickettsia
BQ: Disease assoc with HUMAN LICE
Epidemic typhus
Parasite assoc with epidemic typhus
R. Prowazekii
Dse assoc with fleas
Endemic typhus
Parasite assoc with endemic typhus
R. Typhi
3 bacterias with TYPHUS
R. prowazekii - epidemic typhus - lice
R. Typhi - endemic typhus - fleas
R. Tsutsugamushi - scrub typhus - mites
3 diseases assoc with R. Tsutsugamushi
QTS- “cutes”
Q fever : tick feces
Tsutsugamushi -mites
Scrub typhus - mites
Causative agent of Scrub typhus
R. Tsutsugamushi
Causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
Most common cause of STD in USA
Chlamydia
Common bacteria assoc with PEPTIC ULCER
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer affects what organ
Duodenum of small intestine
Shape of duodenum
C shape
What is absorbed in the duodenum
Iron (I-Do)
Assoc with “watery diarrhea”
Vibrio cholera
Dse with “watery rice stool”
Cholera
2 bacterias assoc with “bloody diarrhea”
Shigella dysenteriae
Entamoeba histolytica
“Black stool” - damage to UPPER git
Melena
“Red stool” - damage to LOWER git (large intestine)
Hematochezia
Seen in amoebiasis
Vaccine for TB
BCG vaccine
Bacillus
Calmette
Guerin
Dx test for TB
Mantoux test
Generalized edema
Anasarca
2 possible dses assoc with Swelling of lymph nodes in the neck
Scrofula
Lymphoma - pag di nakuha sa antibiotics
BQ: All of the ffg. are elevators EXCEPT: a. miller's B. Pott's C. Kryer D. Bons
Except D.Bons!
Other name for LEPROSY
Hansen’s disease
“lion face” 🦁
Leprosy
“Frog face” 🐸
Crouzon’s syndrome/Craniofacial dysostosis
“Bird face” 🐦
Treacher collins syndrome / Mandibulofacial dysostosis
Bones deficient in pxs with treacher collins syndrome
“Mandibulofacial dysostosis”
- Mandible
- zygomatic bone
“Fish 🐟 or bird 🐦 face”
Pierre - robin syndrome
(Pierre: madaming fish sa pier)
(Robin: bird)
Causative agent of Travellers Diarrhea
Escherichia Coli
Other name of E. Coli (2)
Travellers Ds
Montezuma’s Revenge
White mucous patches
Hairy Leukoplakia
2ndary Syphilis
Candidiasis
Causative agent of Candidiasis:
Treatment?
Candida Albicans
Nystatin
Bow Legs / Saber Shin
Mulberry Molars
Congenital Syphilis
Punched out RX appearance
Multiple Myeloma
Hand - Schuller Christian Ds
Lab test of Multiple Myeloma
Bence - Jones Proteins
Other name for Leptospira / Leptospirosis
“WEILS DISEASE” 🐳
Most common hospital acquired bacterias (3)
P. Aeruginosa
Staph. Aureus
E. Coli
