10. Musculatory II and Nervous I (CNS) Flashcards
Muscles of mastication are innervated by
CN V3
Fan shaped muscle
Temporalis
Temporalis Origin: Insertion: Action: - Anterior or vertical fibers: - Posterior or horizontal fibers:
Temporalis
Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process and ramus(lat side)
Action:
- Anterior or vertical fibers: elevates mn
- Posterior or horizontal fibers: retracts mn
Only muscle that retracts the mandible
Posterior fibers of TEMPORALIS
Muscles of Mastication that elevates mandible
TIM
Internal pterygoid is aka
Medial pterygoid
External pterygoid is aka
Lateral pterygoid
Internal/Medial Pterygoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Internal/Medial Pterygoid
Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: ramus(medial side) and angle of mn
Action: Elevates mn and Bennett movt
Masseter
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Masseter
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion:angle of mn and ramus(Lateral)
Action: Elevates mn
External/Lateral Pterygoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: (3)
External/Lateral Pterygoid Origin: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone Insertion: TMJ/Condyle Action: - Depresses mn - Bennett movt - Protrudes mn
Only muscle of mastication for mouth opening or depression of mandible
Lateral or external pterygoid
What is the major muscle for mouth opening
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Anterior belly of digastric muscle is innervated by
CN V3
What innervates the POSTERIOR BELLY of digastric muscle
CN VII - Facial nerve
Moves tongue inferiorly and anteriorly
Genioglossus
Genioglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:
Genioglossus
Origin: genial tubercle
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue inf and ant
Styloglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:
Styloglossus
Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue sup and post
Hyoglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:
Hyoglossus
Origin: hyoid bone
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue inferiorly
Extrinsic muscles: Genioglossus/Styloglossus/Hyoglossus EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS are innervated by
CN XII Hypoglossal nerve
What innervates palatoglossus
Pharyngeal plexus (9/10/11)
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - Accessory
Palatoglossus Origin: Insertion: Action: - tongue: - palate:
Palatoglossus Origin: soft palate Insertion: tongue Action: - moves tongue sup towards palate - moves palate inf towards tongue
Mneumonic for INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLES (beq:except)
VITS Vertical Inferior longitudinal Transverse Superior longitudinal
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Origin: tongue
Insertion: tongue
Action: changes shape of tongue
Changes action of tongue
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
Changes shape of tongue
Intrinsic muscles of tongue (VITS)
Flattens and broadens tongue
Vertical
Shortens and thickens tongue (2)
Inf longitudinal
Sup longitudinal
Elongates and narrows tongue
Transverse
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of tongue (VITS)
CN XII Hypoglossal nerve
4 suprahyoid muscles
Digastric muscle - ant and post belly
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Action of suprahyoid muscles (2)
Suprahyoid muscles depresses mandible and elevates hyoid
Muscle of floor of the mouth
Mylohyoid
Muscle that causes difficulty when taking radiograph on lower molars
Mylohyoid
What innervates the mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscle
CN V3
What innervates the stylohyoid and post belly of digastric
CN VII facial nerve
Infrahyoid muscles (TOSS)
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Action of all infrahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles depresses hyoid
Rotator cuff muscles: mneumonic
SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres MINOR!!! Subscapularis
Action of supraspinatus and subscapularis
Medial rotation
Action of infraspinatus and teres MINOR
Lateral rotation
Beq: muscle used in pitching a baseball
Rotator cuff muscles
Hamstring muscles (hams3ngs - Bi Semi Semi)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Action of hamstring muscles
Flexes legs
“Running muscles”
Hamstring muscles
What innervates the hamstring muscles (bi semi semi)
Sciatic nerve
Longest nerve in the human body
Sciatic nerve
Longest or largest CRANIAL NERVE in the body
Vagus CN X
Longest or largest CRANIAL NERVE in the HEAD and NECK
CN V - trigeminal
Longest INTRACRANIAL nerve (inside cranium)
Trochlear CN IV
Smallest or shortest CRANIAL nerve
Trochlear CN IV
Quadriceps muscles (sa RECTO may 3 vastus)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Most common muscle for IM injection
Vastus lateralis
Muscles for IM injection
Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid
Safest part of GLUTEUS MAXIMUS to inject to avoid sciatic nerve
Superolateral or upper outer corner
Degree of IM injection
90 degrees
Action of all QUADRICEPS muscles
Extend legs
Flexes legs -
Extends legs -
Flexes legs - hamstrings (bi semi semi)
Extends legs - quadriceps (recto 3 vastus)
Innervation of quadriceps muscles
Femoral nerve
Needle angulation: intradermal
0-15 (choices: go for lowest value: 0 kung meron)
Needle angulation: IV
35 degrees
Most common site for IV injection
Ante cubital
Needle angulation: subcutaneous
45 degrees
Most common drug injected subcutaneously
Insulin
Needle angulation: IM
90 degrees
Type of Muscle adaption where there is healing fibrous scar tissue
Fibrosis
Enlargement of muscle fiber
Muscular hypertrophy
Type of enlargement of muscle fiber or muscle hypertrophy assoc with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Pathologic muscular hypertrophy
Type of enlargement of muscle fiber or muscle hypertrophy assoc with PATIENT EXERCISING
Physiologic muscular hypertrophy
Increase in number of muscle fibers or cells
Muscular hyperplasia
Type of muscle cells that can undergo hyperplasia
Smooth muscles
“Muscle wasting”; loss of myofibrils
Muscle atrophy
Painfully twisted and tilted neck due to contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Torticollis
Other name for torticollis
Wry neck
Px with torticollis or wry neck: contraction of RIGHT sternocleimastoid = Chin goes to what side
Right SCM = Chin LEFT side
General term for muscle degeneration
Muscular dystrophy
It is the most common muscular dystrophy. It is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Abnormal, random, spontaneous muscle contractions
Fibrillation
Pacemaker of heart
Sinoatrial node
SA node is seen in the
Crista terminalis which is located in the SUPERIOR portion of RIGHT ATRIUM
Treatment for fibrillation: administering a controlled electrical shock to restore normal rthythm
Defibrillation
Stop in effective blood flow due to FAILURE OF HEART TO CONTRACT effectively
Cardiac arrest
An example of cardiac arrest also known as “FLAT LINE”
Asystole
Management for Asystole or Flat line
CPR
Ration of compressions:breaths in CPR
30 compressions : 2 Breaths
Compression rate
100 compressions per minute
2 divisions of the nervous system
CNS
PNS
2 major Parts of CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
2 major divisions of the PNS
Sensory and Motor
2 divisions of MOTOR part of PNS
Autonomic and Somatic
Muscles under somatic=(VOLUTARY CONTROL) (motor-pns)
Skeletal muscles
Muscles under Autonomic nervous system (motor/PNS)
Smooth and cardiac muscles
Glands and Visceral organs
2 Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
“Fight or flight”
Sympathetic
“rest and digest”
Parasympathetic
Matter in the OUTER part of BRAIN
“OB IS GRAY”
Gray matter
INNER brain (OB IS GRAY)
White matter
Outer spinal cord
OB IS GRAY
White matter
Inner spinal cord
OB IS GRAY
Gray matter
Gray matter is made up of
Cell bodies
White matter is made up of
Myelinated axons
Embryonic structure from which the CEREBRUM develops prenatally
Telencephalon (Forebrain)
Largest component of the brain
Cerebrum
Part of cerebrum that controls right side of the body
Left hemisphere
Part of cerebrum that controls left side of the body
Right hemisphere
White matter that connects or separates the left and right hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Condition when corpus callosum is damaged, left and right hemispheres are separated
Split brain
Outer gray matter with gyrus, sulcus, and fissures
Cerebral cortex
Elevations in the brain
Gyrus
Grooves in the brain
Sulcus
DEEPER grooves in the brain
Fissures
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
“Primary MOTOR cortex”
- responsible for almost all movements
Precentral gyrus (Frontal lobe)
“Primary SPEECH area”
speech = broadcast
Broca’s area (Frontal lobe)
“Primary SENSORY cortex”
- responsible for somatic sensations
Postcentral gyrus
“Speech Comprehension”
Wernicke’s area (Temporal lobe)
“Primary VISUAL cortex”
Primary visual cortex - OCCIPITAL LOBE
What is damaged when a patient had stroke
Precentral gyrus in the Frontal lobe
Emotion center
Limbic system
4 Divisions of the Limbic System (BASH)
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Substantia nigra
Hippocampus
“Memory center”
- converts short term to LONG TERM memory
Hippocampus
Almond shape
- responsible for FEAR, ANGER, AROUSAL (active)
Amygdala
2 parts of limbic system responsible for Voluntary motor movements (INHIBITORY)
Basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
Specific type of neurons that control muscles
Motor neurons
Any neuron that releases Ach
Cholinergic neuron (excitatory)
Neurons that use Ach as neurotransmitter
Excitatory neurons
Neurons that inhibits signals and uses DOPAMINE as neurotransmitter
Inhibitory neurons
Neurons that secretes DOPAMINE
Dopaminergic neuron (inhibitory)
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter that is increased in number when sleeping = No action potential
Dopamine (inhibitory)
Degeneration of the Basal ganglia
Huntington’s disease
Degeneration of the Substantia Nigra
- wherein Excitatory neurons dominate resulting to involuntary muscular contractions
Parkinson’s disease
Site of DOPAMINE PRODUCTION in the brain
Substantia nigra
Drug of choice for Parkinson’s disease
Levodopa
Other drugs that can be used in treating parkinson’s disease
Stimulants
Mao-inhibitors
Anticholinergic drugs
Levodopa (*DOC)
Common Characteristic feature of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease which means involuntary muscular movements
Dyskinesia
Neurotransmitter that is decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease
⬇️ DOPAMINE
Neurotransmitter that is increased in patients with Parkinson’s disease
⬆️Ach (Excitatory neurons)
4 stimulants (DoNES)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Enzyme that breaks down DoNES
Monoamine oxidase
Mech of action of MAO-I
Inhibits MAO = ⬇️MAO ⬆️Dopamine ⬇️Dyskinesia
Dopamine
Motor:
Mood:
Dopamine
Motor: inhibitory
Mood: excitatory
Excitatory MOOD neurotransmitters
DoNES Dopamine Norepi Epi Serotonin
Most common INHIBITORY MOOD neurotransmitter
GABA
Gamma-amino butyric acid
Hyperactive 😊😊😊😊
Neurotransmitter that is elevated?
⬆️Dopamine
Depleted by MAO
Condition assoc with ⬆️DOPAMINE; cant differentiate reality; split mind
Schizophrenia
Doc for schizophrenia to decrease level of dopamine
Antipsychotic drugs
Irreversible involuntary muscle contractions in Patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA; Side effect of antipsychotic drugs. (⬇️dopamine:motor/inhibitory)
Tardive dyskinesia
Relay center of the brain
Thalamus
3 parts of DIENCEPHALON
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Communicates with the PITUITARY GLAND
Regulates hormones= BODY HOMEOSTASIS
Hypothalamus
Produces MELATONIN during nighttime
Pineal gland
Hormone that regulates sleep wake cycle
Melatonin
Other term for sleep wake cycle or 24 hr body clock
Circadian rhythm
True or False. Melatonin increases with age
False.
Melatonin DECREASES with AGE
(Baby lagi tulog)
Hormone for sleep
Melatonin
If wala sa choices = SEROTONIN
SLEEP: function
Melatonin -
Serotonin -
SLEEP: function
Melatonin - inhibitory
Serotonin - excitatory
DAY TIME ☀️
Serotonin level:
Melatonin level:
DAY TIME ☀️
Serotonin level: ⬆️
Melatonin level: ⬇️
NIGHT TIME 🌜✨
Serotonin level:
Melatonin level:
NIGHT TIME 🌜✨
Serotonin level: ⬇️ (converted by pineal gland)
Melatonin level: ⬇️
Major VASOACTIVE amines
Serotonin
Histamine
Vasoactive amines: Opp function
SEROTONIN:
Histamine:
Vasoactive amines: Opp function
SEROTONIN: vasoCONSTRICTION
Histamine: vasoDILATION (Hiiii(ih) dilat ka nnmn)
Embryonic structure from which the MIDBRAIN develops prenatally
Mesencephalon
What structures form the BRAIN STEM
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cells that secrete HISTAMINE (4)
Mast cells
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets
Part of Metencephalon responsible for MOTOR MOVTS (Excitatory) and BALANCE
Cerebellum
Part of brain affected when drunk
Cerebellum (balance)
Fluid in the inner ear responsible for BALANCE
Semicircular fluid
“Respiratory center”
- sends signals to Medulla Oblongata to deflate lungs (Herring-Breuer reflex)
Pons Varolii
2 parts of Metencephalon
Cerebellum
Pons
Embryonic structure from which the MEDULLA OBLONGATA develops prenatally
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
major regulatory center for: (DILA and MEDAL)
Gumagamit ng dila:
- vomiting
- coughing
- swallowing
Kung san sinasabit medal:
- Heart rate
- Breathing rate
Chemoreceptors in the CNS specifically in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA that detects CHEMICALS (Blood pH, H, CO2, and O2 changes)
Central chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors in the MO that detects chemical changes are sensitive to: (4)
Acidic pH
High Hydrogen
Hypercapnia (⬆️CO2)
Hypoxia
Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to
Hypercapnia ⬆️CO2
Muscle for DEEP inhalation
External intercostalis muscle
Most important muscle for respiration
Diaphragm
Shape of diaphragm
Dome shape
What innervates the Diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
When central chemoreceptors are stimulated, it activates:
Sympathetic effects:
- inc heart rate
- hyperventilation
Increase excretion of Hydrogen in the kidneys (urine= ⬆️H ⬇️pH = acidic)
Reflex that prevents overinflation of the lungs; controlled by Pons-MO-lungs
Herring-Breuer Reflex
Where are the central chemoreceptors found?
Medulla oblongata
Where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors found?
Carotid BODY
Aortic BODY
Receptors in the CNS that detects PRESSURE (blood pressure/ pag sinakal)
Baroreceptors
Where are BARORECEPTORS found? (“CSB”)
“Carotid SINUS Baroreceptors”
Aortic SINUS
Baroreceptors: Stimulus- HIGH BP
EFFECTS: (3)
Baroreceptors: Stimulus- HIGH BP EFFECTS: - dec heart rate - dec force of contraction - peripheral vasodilation
Baroreceptors: Stimulus - LOW BP
Effect: (3)
Baroreceptors: Stimulus - LOW BP Effect: - INCREASE heart rate - INCREASE force of contraction - Peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION (⬆️ P. Resistance ⬇️ compliance)
Group of neuronal CELL BODIES inside the CNS
Nucleus
Bundle of AXONS in the Cns
Tract
Shape of gray matter
Butterfly or H shape
Gray matter of Spinal cord
OB IS GRAY
Inner part of spinal cord
Part of spinal cord that is resp for passage of MOTOR NEURONS
Ventral (Anterior) Rami of Spinal Cord
Part of spinal cord for passage of SENSORY NEURONS
Dorsal (Posterior) rami of spinal cord
Dorsal or posterior rami of spinal cord extends from
Medulla oblongata to L2 vertebra
Spinal cord terminates at what vertebra
L2
What is the CONE SHAPE termination of spinal cord
Conus terminalis
Horsetail-like extensions of the spinal nerves below its terminal end
Cauda equina
Tail - horse equinox
Spinal tap is done in what vertebra
L3
Mneumonic for rami of spinal cord and fxn
“SPAM”
Sensory
Posterior
Anterior
Motor
Muscles of mastication
Time muscles
2 tracts in the spinal cord
Corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
Bundle of axons from spinal cord to cortex
Corticospinal tract
Bundle of axons from spinal cord to thalamus
Spinothalamic tract
Other name of corticospinal tract
Pyramidal tract
Function of corticospinal tract
For motor
Function of spinothalamic tract
For sensory
