19. General pathology Flashcards
Indicates that an antigen(antibody generating) is present
Inflammation
Redness
Rubor
Heat
Calor
Pain
Dolor
Swelling
Tumor
Loss of function
Function laesa
They cause vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability
Mediators of inflammation
- prostaglandin, bradykinin, kallidin
- histamine
- lymphocytes
- wbc enzymes
Mediators of inflammation that produces PAIN
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Most important mediator of inflammation
Histamine
Cells that produces histamine
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets
Opp fxn of histamine
Histamine = vasodilation
Serotonin = vasoconstriction
H1 receptors
Bronchi - bronchoconstriction
Bv - vasodilation
H2 receptors
Stomach - increase HCl acid
H3 receptors
Cns
BQ: Dse assoc with ⬇️ T cell count in Thymus and ⬇️ PTH in Parathyroid gland
DiGeorge Syndrome
BQ: DiGeorge Syndrome = ⬇️ PTH
- Hypoparathyroidism
-Hypocalcemia
==
Tetany
- chvostek and trosseous sign
What is the disease associated with ⬇️ B cell count?
Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
Matured in thymus
T lymphocytes
T helper cell
CD4
Cytotoxic T cell
CD8
Specialized CD8
NK cells
Matures in bone marrow
B lymphocytes
Activated B cells ; produces immunoglobulins
Plasma cells
Effects of vascular permeability
Escape of plasma contents towards interstitial tissues
Numerous proteins (albumin) Seen in ABSCESS
Exudate
Few protein (albumin) Seen in EDEMA(pitting or non pitting) and gingival crevicular fluid/sulcular fluid
Transudate
Specific gravity of exudate
> 1.018
Specific gravity of Transudate
< 1.012
Peripherally lining up of WBCs
Preparation for diapedesis
Pavementing or Migration
BQ: What is the passive movement of blood cells across endothelial wall?
Diapedesis
- (after mag line up ng wbc sa periphery or pavementing, magmmove yung wbc across endothelial wall or endothelium which is the wall of the blood vessel because antigen is outside the blood vessel or at the surface)
What is the specialize movement of lymphocytes across endothelium?
Emperipolesis
What organelle is used by WBCs to move across endothelium? For motility
Pseudopods
BQ: It is the phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation?
(bacteria from secondary inflammatory site are attracted to primary inflammatory site)
Anachoresis
Movement from Point A to Point B:with CHEMOTACTIC AGENTS
motile cells are attracted to chemotactic agents
Chemotaxis
Chemotactic agents for neutrophils
Antigens
Chemotactic agents for Wbcs like monocyte
Neutrophils
“cell eating”
Phagocytosis
Process of cell digestion
Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies
2 types of immunity
Nonspecific/Passive/Innate (NPI)
Specific/Active/Adaptive (SAA)
1st line of defense (skin, Hcl acid in stomach)
NPI - Barriers
2nd line of defense
NPI: Phagocytes
2 types of SAA immunity
Humoral
Cell mediated
Mediated primarily by B cells
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity
- Bcells bind to antigen’s epitope
- B cells will engulf antigen (endocytosis)
- Antigen will be digested and production of MHC 2
- CD4 will read MHC 2 and will result to
- CD4 activation
- B lymphocyte activation (memory b cell/ plasma cell)
Presented antigen to alarm immune system
Major histocompatibility Complex 2
Produces antibodies or immunoglobulins that binds to the specific antigen
Plasma cells
Binding of antibodies to antigen results to
Complement activation
Accumulation of C3B/opsonin on the antigen
Opsonization
Membrane attack complex
C5b
Mediated primarily by T cells
Cell mediated
Cell mediated
- Cell becomes infected by pathogen or becomes a cancer cell
- Cell produces abnormal proteins
- Cell will produce MHC1
- CD8 will read MHC1 and will result to CD8 activation
- CD8 cells bond to the cell with MHC1 and kills it
Sudden onset
Injury > resistance
Acute infection
Long standing
Injury = resistance
Chronic infection
Bilateral involvement of submn, subli, submental spaces
Ludwigs angina
Tx for ludwigs angina
Antibiotics
Management of fluctuant swelling in ludwigs angina
Incision and drainage
Blade used for I and D of swelling in ludwigs angina
Blade 11
Aka phlegmon
Cellulitis
Inflammation of the cells
Cellulitis
Tx for cellulitis
Antibiotics
NO ASPIRATION!!!!!
2 examples of acute infection
Ludwigs angina
Cellulitis
Seen in chronic apical periodontitis
Abscess
Granuloma
Cyst
How to differentiate abscess, granuloma and cyst
Biopsy
Most common stage of granuloma
Granulomatous stage
BQ: Lining of cyst
Stratified squamous
Leukocytosis is a characteristic of what infection?
Acute bacterial
Lymphocytosis is a characteristic of what infection?
Acute viral and chronic bacterial
What cells are found in chronic infections??
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Other names for type 1 hypersensitivity
Immediate hypersensitivity
Allergic
Anaphylactic
Mediator in Hypersensitivity type 1
IgE
Other name for Hypersensitivity type 2
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
CyTWOtoxic
Mediator for hypersensitivity type 2
IgG and IgM
Other name for hypersensitivity type 3
Immune complex hypersensitivity
Mediator in hypersensitivity type 3
Antigen and antibody complex
Other names for hypersensitivity type 4
Delayed hypersensitivity
T cell mediated
Type of hypersensitivity which takes days before reactions appear
Type 4 = Delayed
Mediator in hypersensitivity type 4
Immune cells
Type of hypersensitivity reaction when serum of horse is injected to the rabbit?
Type 3 - Immune complex
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in urticaria
Type 1
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in Serum sickness
Type 3
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in erythroblastosis fetalis
Type 2
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in asthma
Type 1
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in arthus reaction
Type 3
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in hemolytic anemia
Type 2
Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in SLE
Type 3
Pathognomonic sign of SLE
Butterfly rash
3 types of cells according to regenerative properties
Labile
Stable
Permanent
Cells that multiplies throughout life; short life
Labile cells
Cell that multiplies when damaged
Stable cells
Cells that cannot multiply
Permanent cells
Example of labile cells
Epithelial cells in the skin
Examples of Stable cells
Stable KPL
- kidney, pancreas, liver
Examples of permanent cells
Neuron
Mature rbc
Skeletal and cardiac muscles
Retrogressive changes in cells and tissues characterized by abnormal structural changes WITHIN THE CELL and decreased function. It may be reversible or irreversible depending on the injury
Cellular degeneration
Mildest and most common type of cellular degeneration
Cloudy swelling (reversible)
Swelling of cells results to pale or cloudy appearance of tissue
Cloudy swelling
Excessive swelling of cells de to excessive water accumulation
Hydropic or Vacuolar (reversible)
Accumulation of lipids or fats within the cells
Fatty degeneration (reversible) Example fatty liver
Accumulation of PCT cells
Hyaline droplets
Alcoholic cirrhosis (Laennec’s cirrhosis)
Mallory bodies
Yellow fever
Councilman bodies
Sign of yellow fever
Jaundice
Typer of intracellular hyaline accumulation - plasma cells
Russell-Fuchs bodies
Typhoid fever
Zenker’s degeneration
Causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
What is the most common type of staining?
Haemotoxylin and eosin staining
Immature rbcs with nucleus
Reticulocytes
Nucleus of mature rbc
None/ no nucleus
BQ: What is the hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes?
"Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome" Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (reversible)
Extracellular hyaline accumulation of Amyloid(abnormal protein fragments)
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is seen in what type of staining?
Congo red staining
Tissue death; irreversible
Necrosis
Type of necrosis where proteins are denatured or coagulated
Coagulation necrosis
Most common organ involved in coagulation necrosis
Heart
Least common organ involved in coagulation necrosis
Brain
“Liquefaction” of injured tissue
Liquefaction necrosis
Most common organ involved in liquefaction necrosis
Brain
Cheeselike material
Caseous necrosis
soft granulomatous growth
Gumma - gummatous necrosis
Type of necrosis Seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients
Gangrenous necrosis
Tx for gangrenous necrosis in diabetic pxs
Amputation
fat calcium complexes accumulation
Fat necrosis
Most common organ involved in fat necrosis
Pancreas
Bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene
Gas gangrene
Causative agent of gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
Gram+anaerobic
Type of necrosis assoc with hypoxia and ischemia in all tissues
Coagulation necrosis
Type of necrosis assoc with tuberculosis of lungs
Caseous necrosis
Causative agent of tb of lungs which is also good in creating drug resistance
Mycobacterium tb
Treatment for TB
RIPES rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin
Type of necrosis assoc with tertiary syphilis
Gummatous necrosis
Type of syphilis where there is chancre sores
Primary syphilis
Type of syphilis where there are white mucous patches
Secondary syphilis
Type of syphilis where there is gummatous necrosis
Tertiary syphilis
Causative agent for syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Dark pigmentation of skin
From melanocytes
Melanin
Brown to black
Eumelanin
Red to yellow
Pheomelanin
Red pigment, carries oxygen in rbc
Hemoglobin
Red portion of hemoglobin
Heme
Porphyrin
Green pigment
Biliverdin
Yellow pigment
Bilirubin
Urobilin - urine
Golden brown or rust
Seen in heart failure cells of liver
Hemosiderin
Brown, feces pigment
Stercobilin
Wear and tear pigment, common in neurons
Lipofuscin or lipochrome
Blue-Gray-Black gingiva
Plumbism
Argyria
Mercury poisoning
Lead poisoning
Plumbism
Bluish line in marginal gingiva Seen in plumbism
Burton line - Plumbism
Silver poisoning
Argyria
BQ: Black pigmentation??
Silver nitrate
Cherry red tissues
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Greenish black teeth
Tetracycline stain
Tetracyline staining can affect children until what age
Until 8 years old only
Because crowns are fully developed
Yellowish teeth
Iron def anemia (cause of yellowing of teeth: ferrous sulfate)
BQ: Copper accumulation with keyser fleischer ring(brown green bordered eyes)??
Wilson’s disease
Violet stain
Potassium permanganate
BQ: Mediator of humoral immunity?
B cells
BQ: Plasma cells are from what cells?
B cells
BQ: Other term for C3b?
Opsonin
BQ: Ano pnpresent ng B cell?
MHC 2
BQ: mediator of cell mediated immunity?
T cells
Protects stomach from acid
Prostaglandins
What causes EDEMA?
Vasodilation = ⬆️blood flow to the area
Increase vascular permeability
- (normally, closed ung vessels. But bumubuka ung vessels pag may inflammation, nakakalabas yung mga fluids = edema)
Lifespan of platelets
10 days
Normal count of platelets
150,000-450,000
Growth peak of thymus
- 200% size then shrinks
10-12 years old
BQ: What are deficient in pxs with DiGeorge syndrome?
Thymus and Parathyroid gland
Hypersensitive facial nerve seen in tetany
Chvostek sign
Hand of obstetrician seen in tetany
Trosseous sign
Granulocytes
BEN
Agranulocytes
Monocytes and macrophages
Wbc that has azurophilic granules
Neutrophils
Other names for neutrophils
PMN cells / Stab cells
BQ: How to differentiate Exudate from Transudate
Number of proteins
More - exudate
Few - transudate
2 site where transudate can be seen
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid (sulcus)
Location where WBC normally floats
Central portion of blood stream
When there is presence of an antigen, WBC are peripherally lining up: which is called?
Lining up in the periphery - Pavementing or Migration
Butterfly shape gland
Thyroid gland
Butterfly shape bone
Sphenoid bone
It is a severe allergic reaction
Anaohylaxis
⬇️ BP = “Loss of blow flow” which is called
Shock
(In anaphylactic shock: Mast cells produces histamine which targets h1 receptors: smooth muscles of bronchi and blood vessels=vasodilation:⬇️BP:loss of blood flow~ Anaphylactic shock)
BQ: Doc for anaphylactic shock
1:1,000 Epinephrine IM(90degrees)
Most common muscle for IM injection
Vastus lateralis (part of quadriceps muscles)
3 muscles used for IM
Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid
Safest part of gluteus maximus for IM injection to avoid SCIATIC NERVE
Superolateral or upper outer corner
BQ: Binding site of Bcells in antigen
Epitope
BQ: mediator of Humoral immunity
B cells
BQ: Antigen presented by B cells to alarm the immune system
MHC 2
Meeting of Bcell and CD4 results to
Activation of both CD4 and B cell
BQ: Plasma cells are derived from
B cells
Once nagbind yung Antibodies sa epitope ng antigen start na ng
Start of complement system
BQ: binding site of COMPLEMENT PROTEINS on the Antibody
Fc receptors
BQ: How many are the complement proteins? From what organ?
> 30 CP from the LIVER
BQ: accumulation of C3b or opsonin
Opsonization
Immunity present at birth
Nonspecific
Passive
Innate
Acquired immunity
Specific
Adaptive
Active
An infected T cell creates what proteins
Abnormal proteins
BQ: What is presented by the T cells to alarm the immune system
MHC 1
BQ: Presentation of MHC1 by the T cells activates what cells in order to prevent viral replication
CD8 cells
Other name for alcohol cirrhosis (long neck)
Laennec’s cirrhosis
Loss of blood supply
Infarction
Most common organ assoc w infarction
Heart
Least common organ assoc with infarction
Liver
2 old terms for syphilis
Lues disease
Great pox
Diff dx of white mucous patches
Secondary syphilis
Candidiasis
White hairy leukoplakia
BQ: common side effect of rifampicin
Hepatotoxic
BQ: side effect of streptomycin
Ototoxic (ears)
Macrophages of TB
Epitheloid cells
Langhans cells
2 cells derived from neural crest cells
Melanocytes
Neuroglia/glial cells
Wear and tear arthritis
Osteoarthritis
