11. Nervous System II (PNS) Flashcards
Group of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglia or Ganglion
Group of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS
Nucleus
Bundle of Axons in PNS
Nerves
Bundle of axons in CNS
Tract
How many pairs of CN
12 pairs (24)
How many pairs of spinal cord
31 pairs (62)
Network of nerves
Plexuses
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympa
Sympa
Parasympathetic nervous system is regulated mainly by
Acetylcholine
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic nervous system
Maintains homeostasis
Parasympathetic nervous system
Synonymous drugs that enhances the Parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic
Cholinomimetic
Parasympathomimetic
Anti-sympathetic
Anti-adrenergenic
Sympatholytic
Anti-acetylcholinesterase or Anticholinesterase
Division of the autonomic nervous system regukated mainly by Norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system is activated by what situations
Stress and emergency situations
Synonymous drugs that enhances the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic Adrenomimetic Sympathomimetic Anti-parasympathetic Anti-cholinergic Parasympatholytic
Regulates amount of light
Eye pupil
Eye pupil
Symp:
Parasymp:
Eye pupil
Symp: pupilary dilation (mydriasis)
Parasymp: constriction (miosis)
During parasympathetic = __ fluid secretion
Increase fluid secretion during Parasympathetic
Pupillary dilation
Mydriasis
Pupillary constriction
Miosis
Lacrimal glands/ Salivary glands/ Nasal mucosa
Symp:
Parasym:
Lacrimal glands/ Salivary glands/ Nasal mucosa
Symp: ⬇️ tears/saliva/ mucus
Parasym: ⬆️ tears/saliva/ mucus
Sympathetic:
Lungs
Arteries
Sympathetic:
Lungs: bronchodilation
Arteries: vasoconstriction
ParaSympathetic:
Lungs:
Arteries:
ParaSympathetic:
Lungs: bronchoconstriction
Arteries: vasodilation
Lungs
Sympa:
Parasym:
Lungs
Sympa: brochodilation
Parasym: bronchoconstriction
Arteries
Sympa:
Parasym:
Arteries
Sympa: vasoconstriction
Parasym: vasodilation
Chronotropic
Heart rate
Inotropic
Force of contraction
Heart
Symp:
Parasymp:
Heart
Symp: ⬆️ chronotropic and inotropic
Parasymp: ⬇️ heart rate and force of contraction
Other name for adrenal glands
Suprarenal glands
Location of adrenal glands
Superior portion of kidney
Cells of the adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines
Chromaffin cells
Catecholamines secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Dopamine
Norepi
Epi
Adrenal glands (chromaffin cells)
Symp:
Parasymp:
Adrenal glands (chromaffin cells) Symp: secretes dopamine, norepi, epi Parasymp: inhibits dopa, norepi, epi
GIT
Symp:
Parasymp:
GIT
Symp: decrease motility
Parasymp: increase motility (rest and digest)
Stomach
Symp:
Parasymp:
Stomach
Symp: decrease Hcl secretion
Parasymp: increase Hcl secretion
Liver and skeletal muscle
Symp:
Parasymp:
Liver and skeletal muscle
Symp: ⬆️ Glycogenolysis(Glucagon)
Parasymp: ⬆️ Glycogenesis (Insulin)
Pancreas
Symp:
Parasymp:
Pancreas
Symp: glucagon prod
Parasymp: insulin prod
Kidney
Symp:
Parasymp:
Kidney
Symp: ⬇️ urine output
Parasymp: ⬆️ urine output
Bladder
Symp:
Parasymp:
Bladder
Symp: contraction of sphincter
Parasymp: relaxation of sphincter
Sweat glands
Symp:
Parasymp: (exception to fluids)
Sweat glands
Symp: ⬆️ sweating
Parasymp: doesnt affect!
Genitals
Symp:
Parasymp:
Genitals
Symp: ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Parasymp: erection of genitals
Neuron before a ganglion
Preganglionic neuron
Pre ganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasym are also
Cholinergic neurons (Ach)
Preganglionic neurons secretes what nuerotransmitter
Ach
Group of cell bodies in PNS
Ganglia or ganglion
Type of receptors found in Post ganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasym
Nicotinic receptors
Post ganglionic neuron of PARASYMPATHETIC
Cholinergic neuron
Receptors found in ALL effector organs of PARASYMPATHETIC (ung nasa table)
Muscarinic receptors
2 possible receptors for Ach
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Where are nicotinic receptors located? (3)
Nicotinic receptors:
All postganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasymp
Skeletal muscles
Chromaffin cells
Pre ganglionic neuron that has no ganglion (exception)
Pre ganglionic neuron of adrenal glands
Where are muscarinic receptors found? (2)
All effector organs of parasympathetic (table)
sweat glands
Type of Receptor found on all effector organs of SYMPATHETIC
Adrenergic receptor
Neurotransmitter that regulates parasympathetic nervous system
Ach
Neurotransmitter that regulates sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
Post ganglionic neuron of sympathetic secretes what nt
Norepinephrine
Neurons that releases norepinephrine are aka
Adrenergic neuron
Adrenergic neuron of Sympathetic
Post ganglionic neuron
Sweat glands is SYMPATHETIC (exception)
Post ganglionic neuron is a
Cholinergic neuron (Ach)
Receptor found in sweat glands (sympa but exception)
Muscarinic receptor
Receptors found in chromaffin cells
Nicotinic receptors
Send signals to urinary bladder kaya naiihi ka pag kinakabahan
Pontine nucleus
Receptors for odor
Olfactory receptors
Part of nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located
Superior meatus or SUPERIOR and POSTERIOR
Foramen of exit of CN I - Olfactory nerve
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Mneumonic for CN and Function
OOO TTA FVG VAH
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
Cn for sense of smell
CN I olfactory
Foramen of exit of CN II - Optic nerve
Optic canal
2 structures that exits at the optic canal
Optic nerve Ophthalmic artery (from Int carotid artery)
CN for sense of sight
Cn II - optic nerve
Photoreceptors of the eye
Cones
Rods
Concentration of photoreceptors of the eye in relation to fovea centralis
Cones -
Rods -
⬆️ Cones - closer to fovea centralis
rods - concentrated farther to fovea centralis
Photoreceptor that detects color
Cones
Photopigment of cones
Opsin
Less sensitive to light (needs more light to func)
High visual acuity
Cones
Concentrated in the fovea centralis of the Macula lutea
Cones
Contains greates amout of cones
Fovea centralis
Yellowish area near the center of the retina that contains fovea centralis
Macula lutea
Photoreceptors that detects black to gray: for NIGHT VISION
Rods
Photopigment of rods
Rhodopsin
Very sensitive to light
Low visual acuity
Rods
Concentrated away from the fovea centralis (in the periphery of the retina)
Rods
Basic part of the eye that comcentrates light to the retina
Lens
Transparent portion infront of the eye
Cornea
Where image is formed
Retina
Gives color to the eyes
Iris
White portion of the eye
Sclera
Disease assoc with blue sclera
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Dilates (mydriasis:symp) and Constricts (miosis:parasymp)
Pupil
Fluid on the AAAAnterior part of the eye
Aqueos humor
Fluid on the posterior part of the eye
Vitreous humor
“blind spot”
- where no cones or rods present
- point in retina where OPTIC NERVE enters towards the eye
Optic disc
What is OD
Oculus dexter - right eye
OS
Oculus sinister - left eye
OU 😈
Oculus uterque - both eyes
AS
Auris sinister - left ear
AD
Auris dexter - right ear
AU
Auris uterque - both ears
Other terms for far sightedness
Hyperopia
Hypermetropia
Other term for near sightedness
Myopia
Underdeveloped VISUAL CORTEX; cannot be corrected by wearing glasses
Lazy eye or Amblyopia
Tx for amblyopia or lazy eye
Eye patch in good eye
Foramen of exit of CN III - Oculomotor
Superior orbital fissure
Cranial nerves that exits in the SOF
3/4/V1/6
Innervates most extrinsic muscles of the eye
Oculomotor nerve CN III
Parasympathetic of the pupil and lacrimal glands (⬆️secretion)
Oculomotor nerve
Mneumonic for innervations of extrinsic muscles of eye
SO4 LR6 R3
Foramen of exit of CN IV - Trochlear nerve
SOF
Innervates superior oblique muscle
Trochlear nerve
Longest intracranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
Smallest cranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
Largest cranial nerve supplying the head and neck
Trigeminal nerve
3 divisions of trigeminal nerve - CN V
V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
Innervates tip of nose
CN V1
Foramen of exit of V1
SOF
Foramen of exit of V2
Foramen rotundum
Nerve of scarpa
Nasopalatine nerve
In nasopalatine nerve block, what sides are blocked
Both sides
Nasopalatine nerve exits in the
Incisive foramen
Nasopalatine nerve innervates
Palate from ca to ca
ANT 1/3 of hard palate (PREMAXILLA)
Other name for greater palatine nerve
Anterior palatine nerve
Greater palatine nerve exits in
Greater palatine foramen
Greater palatine nerve innervates
Post 2/3 of hard palate
Side blocked in GPNB
Post 2/3 of the hard palate - On the side of injection
“Posterior palatine nerve”
Lesser palatine nerve
Exit of lesser or posterior palatine nerve
Lesser palatine foramen
What nerve innervates the soft palate
Lesser palatine nerve
Innervates Max 2nd and 3rd molars and DBu and Pal roots of Max 1st molar
PSAN
Most common complication assoc with PSANB
Hematoma
Msan innervates
Max Pm1 and Pm2
MBu root of Mx 1st molar
Ganglion in MSAN + ASAN
Bochdalek’s ganglion
Ganglion: MSAN + PSAN
Valentine’s ganglion
Innervates mx canine and incisors
ASAN
Exit of infraorbital nerve
Infraorbital foramen
Innervates lower eyelid, upper lip, nasal vestibule, ASAN
Infraorbital nerve
Most common complication assoc with Infraorbital nerve block
Ecchymosis
Reference point for Infraorbital nerve block
1st PM or distal of canine
Foramen of exit of V3
Foramen ovale
Branch of trigeminal nerve that is for both motor and sensory
V3
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Temporalis
Deep temporal branch
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Internal pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid nerve
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Masseter
Masseteric nerve
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Lateral pterygoid muscle
Lat pterygoid nerve
Attached to MALLEUS; Regulates loudness of sound
Tensor tympani
What innervates the tensor tympani
V3
Exception to pharyngeal plexus; innervated by V3
Tensor veli palatini
Muscle in the floor of the mouth; difficulty in xray
Mylohyoid
Major muscle for mouth opening
Ant belly of digastric
Innervation of Ant belly of digastric
V3
Innervation of Post belly of digastric
CN 7
Innervates buccal mucosa of mandibular molars
Long buccal nerve
Innervates anterior 2/3 of the tongue (general)
Lingual nerve
Innervates ant 2/3 of tongue (taste)
Facial nerve - chorda tympani
Innervates post 1/3 of tongue (general and taste)
Glossopharyngeal
Innervates base of tongue (gen and taste)
Vagus nerve
Terminal branch of IAN
Mental nerve
Innervates bu and la mucosa of pm and ant, chin, lower lip
Mental nerve
Branch of IAN that innervates anterior teeth
Incisive nerve
Innervates the TMJ and SCALP in temporal region
Auriculotemporal nerve
After admin if Mandiblock, Px had bells palsy or facial paralysis, what is the possible cause
Wrong technique (must be contralateral side)
Complication that can arise when you DID NOT ASPIRATE ~ anes accumulates in the bloodstream
Toxicity
Initial sign of anes toxicity
Anxiety
Management of syncope
Trendelenburg position
Caused by multiple needle insertions usually in the Medial pterygoid muscle
Trismus (med pterygoid-spasm-limited mouth opening)
Nervous system outside the CNS
PNS
