11. Nervous System II (PNS) Flashcards
1
Q
Group of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
A
Ganglia or Ganglion
2
Q
Group of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS
A
Nucleus
3
Q
Bundle of Axons in PNS
A
Nerves
4
Q
Bundle of axons in CNS
A
Tract
5
Q
How many pairs of CN
A
12 pairs (24)
6
Q
How many pairs of spinal cord
A
31 pairs (62)
7
Q
Network of nerves
A
Plexuses
8
Q
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A
Parasympa
Sympa
9
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system is regulated mainly by
A
Acetylcholine
10
Q
Rest and digest
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
11
Q
Maintains homeostasis
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
12
Q
Synonymous drugs that enhances the Parasympathetic nervous system
A
Cholinergic
Cholinomimetic
Parasympathomimetic
Anti-sympathetic
Anti-adrenergenic
Sympatholytic
Anti-acetylcholinesterase or Anticholinesterase
13
Q
Division of the autonomic nervous system regukated mainly by Norepinephrine
A
Sympathetic nervous system
14
Q
Fight or flight
A
Sympathetic nervous system
15
Q
Sympathetic nervous system is activated by what situations
A
Stress and emergency situations
16
Q
Synonymous drugs that enhances the sympathetic nervous system
A
Adrenergic Adrenomimetic Sympathomimetic Anti-parasympathetic Anti-cholinergic Parasympatholytic
17
Q
Regulates amount of light
A
Eye pupil
18
Q
Eye pupil
Symp:
Parasymp:
A
Eye pupil
Symp: pupilary dilation (mydriasis)
Parasymp: constriction (miosis)
19
Q
During parasympathetic = __ fluid secretion
A
Increase fluid secretion during Parasympathetic
20
Q
Pupillary dilation
A
Mydriasis
21
Q
Pupillary constriction
A
Miosis
22
Q
Lacrimal glands/ Salivary glands/ Nasal mucosa
Symp:
Parasym:
A
Lacrimal glands/ Salivary glands/ Nasal mucosa
Symp: ⬇️ tears/saliva/ mucus
Parasym: ⬆️ tears/saliva/ mucus
23
Q
Sympathetic:
Lungs
Arteries
A
Sympathetic:
Lungs: bronchodilation
Arteries: vasoconstriction
24
Q
ParaSympathetic:
Lungs:
Arteries:
A
ParaSympathetic:
Lungs: bronchoconstriction
Arteries: vasodilation
25
Lungs
Sympa:
Parasym:
Lungs
Sympa: brochodilation
Parasym: bronchoconstriction
26
Arteries
Sympa:
Parasym:
Arteries
Sympa: vasoconstriction
Parasym: vasodilation
27
Chronotropic
Heart rate
28
Inotropic
Force of contraction
29
Heart
Symp:
Parasymp:
Heart
Symp: ⬆️ chronotropic and inotropic
Parasymp: ⬇️ heart rate and force of contraction
30
Other name for adrenal glands
Suprarenal glands
31
Location of adrenal glands
Superior portion of kidney
32
Cells of the adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines
Chromaffin cells
33
Catecholamines secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Dopamine
Norepi
Epi
34
Adrenal glands (chromaffin cells)
Symp:
Parasymp:
```
Adrenal glands (chromaffin cells)
Symp: secretes dopamine, norepi, epi
Parasymp: inhibits dopa, norepi, epi
```
35
GIT
Symp:
Parasymp:
GIT
Symp: decrease motility
Parasymp: increase motility (rest and digest)
36
Stomach
Symp:
Parasymp:
Stomach
Symp: decrease Hcl secretion
Parasymp: increase Hcl secretion
37
Liver and skeletal muscle
Symp:
Parasymp:
Liver and skeletal muscle
Symp: ⬆️ Glycogenolysis(Glucagon)
Parasymp: ⬆️ Glycogenesis (Insulin)
38
Pancreas
Symp:
Parasymp:
Pancreas
Symp: glucagon prod
Parasymp: insulin prod
39
Kidney
Symp:
Parasymp:
Kidney
Symp: ⬇️ urine output
Parasymp: ⬆️ urine output
40
Bladder
Symp:
Parasymp:
Bladder
Symp: contraction of sphincter
Parasymp: relaxation of sphincter
41
Sweat glands
Symp:
Parasymp: (exception to fluids)
Sweat glands
Symp: ⬆️ sweating
Parasymp: doesnt affect!
42
Genitals
Symp:
Parasymp:
Genitals
Symp: ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Parasymp: erection of genitals
43
Neuron before a ganglion
Preganglionic neuron
44
Pre ganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasym are also
Cholinergic neurons (Ach)
45
Preganglionic neurons secretes what nuerotransmitter
Ach
46
Group of cell bodies in PNS
Ganglia or ganglion
47
Type of receptors found in Post ganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasym
Nicotinic receptors
48
Post ganglionic neuron of PARASYMPATHETIC
Cholinergic neuron
49
Receptors found in ALL effector organs of PARASYMPATHETIC (ung nasa table)
Muscarinic receptors
50
2 possible receptors for Ach
Nicotinic
| Muscarinic
51
Where are nicotinic receptors located? (3)
Nicotinic receptors:
All postganglionic neurons of Symp and Parasymp
Skeletal muscles
Chromaffin cells
52
Pre ganglionic neuron that has no ganglion (exception)
Pre ganglionic neuron of adrenal glands
53
Where are muscarinic receptors found? (2)
All effector organs of parasympathetic (table)
| sweat glands
54
Type of Receptor found on all effector organs of SYMPATHETIC
Adrenergic receptor
55
Neurotransmitter that regulates parasympathetic nervous system
Ach
56
Neurotransmitter that regulates sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
57
Post ganglionic neuron of sympathetic secretes what nt
Norepinephrine
58
Neurons that releases norepinephrine are aka
Adrenergic neuron
59
Adrenergic neuron of Sympathetic
Post ganglionic neuron
60
Sweat glands is SYMPATHETIC (exception)
| Post ganglionic neuron is a
Cholinergic neuron (Ach)
61
Receptor found in sweat glands (sympa but exception)
Muscarinic receptor
62
Receptors found in chromaffin cells
Nicotinic receptors
63
Send signals to urinary bladder kaya naiihi ka pag kinakabahan
Pontine nucleus
64
Receptors for odor
Olfactory receptors
65
Part of nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located
Superior meatus or SUPERIOR and POSTERIOR
66
Foramen of exit of CN I - Olfactory nerve
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
67
Mneumonic for CN and Function
OOO TTA FVG VAH
| Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
68
Cn for sense of smell
CN I olfactory
69
Foramen of exit of CN II - Optic nerve
Optic canal
70
2 structures that exits at the optic canal
```
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery (from Int carotid artery)
```
71
CN for sense of sight
Cn II - optic nerve
72
Photoreceptors of the eye
Cones
| Rods
73
Concentration of photoreceptors of the eye in relation to fovea centralis
Cones -
Rods -
⬆️ Cones - closer to fovea centralis
| rods - concentrated farther to fovea centralis
74
Photoreceptor that detects color
Cones
75
Photopigment of cones
Opsin
76
Less sensitive to light (needs more light to func)
| High visual acuity
Cones
77
Concentrated in the fovea centralis of the Macula lutea
Cones
78
Contains greates amout of cones
Fovea centralis
79
Yellowish area near the center of the retina that contains fovea centralis
Macula lutea
80
Photoreceptors that detects black to gray: for NIGHT VISION
Rods
81
Photopigment of rods
Rhodopsin
82
Very sensitive to light
| Low visual acuity
Rods
83
Concentrated away from the fovea centralis (in the periphery of the retina)
Rods
84
Basic part of the eye that comcentrates light to the retina
Lens
85
Transparent portion infront of the eye
Cornea
86
Where image is formed
Retina
87
Gives color to the eyes
Iris
88
White portion of the eye
Sclera
89
Disease assoc with blue sclera
Osteogenesis imperfecta
90
Dilates (mydriasis:symp) and Constricts (miosis:parasymp)
Pupil
91
Fluid on the AAAAnterior part of the eye
Aqueos humor
92
Fluid on the posterior part of the eye
Vitreous humor
93
"blind spot"
- where no cones or rods present
- point in retina where OPTIC NERVE enters towards the eye
Optic disc
94
What is OD
Oculus dexter - right eye
95
OS
Oculus sinister - left eye
96
OU 😈
Oculus uterque - both eyes
97
AS
Auris sinister - left ear
98
AD
Auris dexter - right ear
99
AU
Auris uterque - both ears
100
Other terms for far sightedness
Hyperopia
| Hypermetropia
101
Other term for near sightedness
Myopia
102
Underdeveloped VISUAL CORTEX; cannot be corrected by wearing glasses
Lazy eye or Amblyopia
103
Tx for amblyopia or lazy eye
Eye patch in good eye
104
Foramen of exit of CN III - Oculomotor
Superior orbital fissure
105
Cranial nerves that exits in the SOF
3/4/V1/6
106
Innervates most extrinsic muscles of the eye
Oculomotor nerve CN III
107
Parasympathetic of the pupil and lacrimal glands (⬆️secretion)
Oculomotor nerve
108
Mneumonic for innervations of extrinsic muscles of eye
SO4 LR6 R3
109
Foramen of exit of CN IV - Trochlear nerve
SOF
110
Innervates superior oblique muscle
Trochlear nerve
111
Longest intracranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
112
Smallest cranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
113
Largest cranial nerve supplying the head and neck
Trigeminal nerve
114
3 divisions of trigeminal nerve - CN V
V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
115
Innervates tip of nose
CN V1
116
Foramen of exit of V1
SOF
117
Foramen of exit of V2
Foramen rotundum
118
Nerve of scarpa
Nasopalatine nerve
119
In nasopalatine nerve block, what sides are blocked
Both sides
120
Nasopalatine nerve exits in the
Incisive foramen
121
Nasopalatine nerve innervates
Palate from ca to ca
| ANT 1/3 of hard palate (PREMAXILLA)
122
Other name for greater palatine nerve
Anterior palatine nerve
123
Greater palatine nerve exits in
Greater palatine foramen
124
Greater palatine nerve innervates
Post 2/3 of hard palate
125
Side blocked in GPNB
Post 2/3 of the hard palate - On the side of injection
126
"Posterior palatine nerve"
Lesser palatine nerve
127
Exit of lesser or posterior palatine nerve
Lesser palatine foramen
128
What nerve innervates the soft palate
Lesser palatine nerve
129
Innervates Max 2nd and 3rd molars and DBu and Pal roots of Max 1st molar
PSAN
130
Most common complication assoc with PSANB
Hematoma
131
Msan innervates
Max Pm1 and Pm2
| MBu root of Mx 1st molar
132
Ganglion in MSAN + ASAN
Bochdalek's ganglion
133
Ganglion: MSAN + PSAN
Valentine's ganglion
134
Innervates mx canine and incisors
ASAN
135
Exit of infraorbital nerve
Infraorbital foramen
136
Innervates lower eyelid, upper lip, nasal vestibule, ASAN
Infraorbital nerve
137
Most common complication assoc with Infraorbital nerve block
Ecchymosis
138
Reference point for Infraorbital nerve block
1st PM or distal of canine
139
Foramen of exit of V3
Foramen ovale
140
Branch of trigeminal nerve that is for both motor and sensory
V3
141
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Temporalis
Deep temporal branch
142
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Internal pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid nerve
143
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Masseter
Masseteric nerve
144
Motor branch of V3 that innervates the Lateral pterygoid muscle
Lat pterygoid nerve
145
Attached to MALLEUS; Regulates loudness of sound
Tensor tympani
146
What innervates the tensor tympani
V3
147
Exception to pharyngeal plexus; innervated by V3
Tensor veli palatini
148
Muscle in the floor of the mouth; difficulty in xray
Mylohyoid
149
Major muscle for mouth opening
Ant belly of digastric
150
Innervation of Ant belly of digastric
V3
151
Innervation of Post belly of digastric
CN 7
152
Innervates buccal mucosa of mandibular molars
Long buccal nerve
153
Innervates anterior 2/3 of the tongue (general)
Lingual nerve
154
Innervates ant 2/3 of tongue (taste)
Facial nerve - chorda tympani
155
Innervates post 1/3 of tongue (general and taste)
Glossopharyngeal
156
Innervates base of tongue (gen and taste)
Vagus nerve
157
Terminal branch of IAN
Mental nerve
158
Innervates bu and la mucosa of pm and ant, chin, lower lip
Mental nerve
159
Branch of IAN that innervates anterior teeth
Incisive nerve
160
Innervates the TMJ and SCALP in temporal region
Auriculotemporal nerve
161
After admin if Mandiblock, Px had bells palsy or facial paralysis, what is the possible cause
Wrong technique (must be contralateral side)
162
Complication that can arise when you DID NOT ASPIRATE ~ anes accumulates in the bloodstream
Toxicity
163
Initial sign of anes toxicity
Anxiety
164
Management of syncope
Trendelenburg position
165
Caused by multiple needle insertions usually in the Medial pterygoid muscle
Trismus (med pterygoid-spasm-limited mouth opening)
166
Nervous system outside the CNS
PNS
