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.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER > 16. GIT System > Flashcards

16. GIT System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Gut associated lymphoid tissues? (GALT)

A

Lymphoid follicles - found in lymph nodes, thymus

Tonsils

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2
Q

These are the collections of lymphoid follicles in the DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

Tonsils

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3
Q

Tonsils are collectively known as

A

Waldeyer’s rings

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4
Q

Tonsil found in the pharyn; “Adenoid”

A

1 Pharyngeal tonsil

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5
Q

Tonsils seen beside Eustachian tube

A

2 tubal tonsils

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6
Q

Tonsil between palatoglossus(ant pillar) and palatopharyngeus(post pillar)

A

2 palatine tonsils

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7
Q

Tonsil behind the tongue

A

1 lingual tonsil

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8
Q

What are the cells found on the surface of tonsils that traps microbes?

A

M cells*

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9
Q

What immunoglobulins are found in the GIT?

A

IgA

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10
Q

What are the specialized non encapsulated tonsils found in the Submucosa of the Ileum?

A

Peyer’s Patches

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11
Q

Responsible for INITIAL phase of digestion and absorption

A

Oral cavity (lips to pharynx)

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12
Q

Found in saliva that helps the initial digestion of food or STARCH

A

Amylase

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13
Q

What is the major site of amylase production?

A

Pancreas

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14
Q

Anterior pillar of fauces

A

Palatoglossus

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15
Q

Posterior pillar of fauces

A

Palatopharyngeus

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16
Q

Found between ant and post pillar of fauces; what separates the two

A

Isthmus of the fauces

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17
Q

Transitional line or junction between mucous membrane of lips and skin

A

Vermillion border

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18
Q

Keratinized surface of tongue

A

Dorsal (KD)

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19
Q

Non keratinized surface of tongue

A

Ventral (Nkv)

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20
Q

What do you call the condition wherein there is ABSENCE OF TONGUE PAPILLAE?

A

Bald tongue

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21
Q

Bald tongue is associated with (4)

A

Geographic tongue
Any type of glossitis
Iron deficiency
Vit B9 deficiency

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22
Q

Most common type of anemia

A

Iron def anemia

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23
Q

Tx for iron def anemia

A

Ferrous sulfate

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24
Q

Aka food pipe or gullet

A

Esophagus

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25
Q

Lining of esophagus (protection from friction)

A

Non keratinized - stratified squamous

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26
Q

Other name for lower esophageal constrictors

A

Cardiac sphincter

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27
Q

Other term for GERD

A

Heartburn

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28
Q

Metaplastic change of lining of esophagus seen in patients with GERD

A

Barret’s esophagus

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29
Q

Lining of esophagus in pxs with GERD

A

From stratified squamous to simple columnar

- adapts to the acid reflux from stomach

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30
Q

It is the change from specialized (normal) cells to non specialized (normal) cells

A

Metaplasia

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31
Q

Change from normal to abnormal cells; “premalignant”

A

Dysplasia

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32
Q

“Hallmark of malignancy”; Absence of differentiation or maturation

A

Anaplasia

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33
Q

Which of the ffg is not associated with the heart?*

A

Cardiac sphincter (part of esophagus)

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34
Q

Long movements of chyme; common in Esophagus

A

Peristalsis

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35
Q

Short movts of chyme; common in Intestines

A

Segmentation

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36
Q

What do you call the terminal part of esophagus?

A

Z line of cardiac sphincter

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37
Q

Lining of stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

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38
Q

J shaped organ

A

Stomach

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39
Q

Site for second phase of digestion

A

Stomach

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40
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac
Body/Fundus
Pylorus

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41
Q

What is the opening of stomach from esophagus?

A

Cardiac

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42
Q

Cells of stomach that produces mucous for protection to acid

A

Mucous neck cells

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43
Q

Cells of stomach that secretes:

  • Hydrochloric acid or Gastric acid
  • Intrinsic factor
A

Parietal cells or Oxyntic cells

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44
Q

Responsible for the digestion and activation of pepsinogen

A

Hydrochloric acid or gastric acid

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45
Q

Hormone or factor important for VIT B12 absorption; opens the receptors in the Ileum

A

Intrinsic factor

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46
Q

What are absorbed in the ILEUM (2)

A

Vit B12

Bile

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47
Q

Cells of stomach that secretes PEPSINOGEN

A

Chief cells - “pepCHIEnogen”

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48
Q

Inactive form of pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

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49
Q

HCl acid activates pepsinogen into Pepsin: which is mainly responsible for:

A

Protein digestion

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50
Q

Cells of stomach that secretes GASTRIN

A

G cells

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51
Q

Release of gastrin activates what cells

A

Gastrin stimulates PARIETAL CELLS to produce more HCl

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52
Q

Phase of gastric secretion: Smelling and thinking of food

A

Cephalic phase

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53
Q

Phase of gastric secretion: when food enters the stomach

A

Gastric phase

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54
Q

Phase of gastric secretion: where food enters intestine

A

Intestinal phase

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55
Q

Phases that increase gastric secretion

A

Cephalic phase and Gastric phase

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56
Q

Phase that inhibits gastric secretion

A

Intestinal phase

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57
Q

What happens to stomach during gastric phase

A

Distention of stomach = ⬆️ gastric secretion

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58
Q

What are the 3 enzymes* secreted during intestinal phase that inhibits gastric secretion and allows contraction of pyloric sphincter

A

Cck
Secretin
GIP - gastric inhibitory complex

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59
Q

What is the muscle that pumps chyme from stomach to small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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60
Q

Is small intestine resistant or susceptible to acid

A

Susceptible to acid (ayaw sa acid)

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61
Q

*normal wbc count!

A

4,500-11,000 cells/mL of blood

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62
Q

*normal platelet count!

A

150,000-450,000

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63
Q

Major site of digestion and absorption

A

Small intestine

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64
Q

Elevations or folds in the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

A

Valves of Kerckring

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65
Q

Valves of Kerckring is aka

A

Plicae circulares

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66
Q

Projects from Valves of Kerckring ; ⬆️surface area for absorption

67
Q

Projects from Villi ; ⬆️surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

68
Q

3 major parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

69
Q

C shape; Shortest segment of small intestine

70
Q

What is absorbed in the Duodenum

A

Iron = (“I-Do”)

71
Q

Part of small intestine that is the major site for absorption of almost all nutrients; Numerous folds and projections seen here

72
Q

Longest segment of small intestine

73
Q

What are absorbed in the Ileum

A

Vit B12

Bile

74
Q

Non encapsulated specialized tonsils found in the Ileum of small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

75
Q

Neutralizes acid in the small intestine: Secretes ALKALINE FLUID (2)

A

Brunner’s gland - duodenum

Secretin: stimulates PANCREAS to secrete alkaline mucous!!

76
Q

Goblet cells increase or decrease from small intestine to large intestine

A

Increase goblet cells

77
Q

Organ where Crypts of Lieberkuhn is located?

A

Small intestine

78
Q

Gland that contains enteroendocrine cells; located in the small intestine

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn or Intestinal gland

79
Q

Immune cells found in the small intestine that secretes LYSOZYME for digestion of bacterial cell walls

A

Paneth cells

80
Q

What organ is affected in peptic ulcer

A

Duodenum of small intestine

- (hindi sa stomach kasi nattolerate naman nya ung acidity)

81
Q

Target cells of Gastrin

A

Parietal cells - secretes HCl

82
Q

Cells that secretes CCK

83
Q

3 functions of CCK

A
  • stimulates pancreatic enzyme (pancreas:digestion)
  • bile secretion (gallbladder)
  • relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
84
Q

Enzyme for digestion

A

Pancreatic enzyme

85
Q

Body excretes bile in response to what

A

Food with high fat contents

86
Q

Cells that secretes serotonin and histamine

A

Enterochromaffin cells

87
Q

Opposite functions of serotonin and histamine in Blood vessels:

A

Serotonin: vasocontriction
Histamine: vasodilation

88
Q

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

89
Q

Secreted in response to BAD food

  • increases intestinal motility
  • or induced vomiting
90
Q

Protects stomach from acid

A

Prostaglandins

91
Q

Cells that secretes secretin which stimulates pancreas to produce alkaline fluids

A

S cells:Secretin

92
Q

Cells that secretes GIP which inhibits gastric motility

A

K cells : GIP

93
Q

Beq: parts of large intestine except:

A 
Parts:
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
94
Q

Part of large intestine where APPENDIX is located

95
Q

Function of appendix

A

Lymphocyte production

96
Q

Also called “Vermiworm”

97
Q

Where is the major site of Water absorption?*

A

Large intestine

98
Q

3 longitudinal bands of muscle used for peristalsis and segmentation

A

Taenia coli

99
Q

Forms the haustra

A

Taenia coli

100
Q

Segments of large intestines

101
Q

Goblet cells _ in number towards large intestine

A

Increase in number of goblet cells - coats feces with mucus

102
Q

Enterocytes, villi, and microvilli continuous to _ in number in large intestine

A

Decrease in number or absent

103
Q

Extramural glands of digestive system

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

104
Q

Defensive secretions of Salivary glands

A

IgA
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin

105
Q

Functional unit of the liver responsible for:

  • Protein synthesis
  • alcohol and drug metabolism
  • lipid synthesis
  • bile production
A

Hepatocytes

**pancreas:pepsin-protein synthesis din

106
Q

Organ for bile production

107
Q

Macrophage of the liver

A

Kupffer cells

108
Q

Pressure that pushes fluid INSIDE cell

A

Osmotic pressure IN

109
Q

Pressure that pushes fluid OUTside the cell

A

Hydrostatic pressure OUT

110
Q

Most numerous protein in the blood responsible for osmotic pressure

111
Q

> 30 complement proteins for immunity synthesized in the Liver (3)

A

C3b - opsonin
C5a - chemotoxin
C5b - MAC “membrane attack complex”

112
Q

Accumulation of C3b (opsonin) in the body

A

Opsonization

113
Q

Complement protein attached to the bacteria that attracts macrophages

A

C3b or opsonin

114
Q

Complement protein that attacks the membrane of the bacteria; considered as the last resort

115
Q

Complement protein for inflammatory response

A

C5a chemotoxin

116
Q

What is the hormone responsible for growth?

- choices from boards*

A

Insulin*

- because of Insulin like growth factor

117
Q

For chondrogenesis and protein anabolism (from GH)

A

Insulin like growth factor

118
Q

For thrompopoiesis or platelet formation

A

Thrombopoietin

119
Q

Test done to check for fragility of capillaries:

Sign for rupture of capillaries:

A

Torniquet = Petechiae

120
Q

Carrier protein for iron

A

Tranferrin

121
Q

hormone for RAAS

A

Angiotensinogen

122
Q

Vein towards capillaries

A

Portal vein

123
Q

2 portal veins in the body seen in:

A

Liver

Hypophysis

124
Q

Hepatic portal vein is from what veins?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

125
Q

Portal triad

*boards: except:

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

126
Q

Other term for jaundice

127
Q

Cause of jaundice or icterus

A

Any liver damage

- yellowish color: destroys hepatocytes=interrupts pathway of bile metabolism

128
Q

Capillary with PORES? (All capillaries are continuous except for)

A

Hepatic sinusoids

129
Q

Space between hepatic sinusoids and hepatocytes

A

Space of disse

130
Q

Bile is produced in what organ?

A

Liver

- hepatocytes (cells)

131
Q

What are the clotting factors produced in the liver that are Vitamin K dependent

132
Q

Bile in large intestine?

A

Stercobilin - color of feces (E coli)

133
Q

Grave yard of rbc

134
Q

Not all dead rbc goes to spleen, some are reabsorbed in the body because of what cells

A

Macrophages

135
Q

Macrophages take the _ of dead rbcs

A

Hemoglobin - red

136
Q

Bile metabolism

A 
HAPPENS IN MACROPHAGES:
Hemoglobin (from dead rbc) - red
Heme - red
Porphyrin - red
Biliverdin - green
Bilurubin - yellow
*either stays in the macrophage = HEMOSIDERIN (golden brown)

*or makatakas sa macrophage: goes to the Liver/HEPATOCYTES to form BILE and stored in the GALLBLADDER because sphincter of oddi is always closed

– bile is absorbed in the ILEUM > goes back to circulatory > goes to the KIDNEYS = Urobilin (yellow urine) > Goes to Large intestine = Stercobilin (brown feces)

137
Q

Why are bruises change in color

A

Refraction of light kaya purple

- also Because of metabolism of hb of rbc by the macrophages

138
Q

For storage and excretion of bile

A

Gallbladder

139
Q

Inflammation of gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

140
Q

Gall stones

A

Cholelithiasis

141
Q

Gallbladder releases bile in response to (3)

A

CCK (main!)
Secretin
Gastrin

142
Q

Glands of Luschka are found in what organ???

A

Gallbladder

143
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

144
Q

Major pancreatic duct

A

Wirsung’s duct

145
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct

A

Duct of santorini

146
Q

Opens and closes HEPATOPANCREATIC duct and allow excretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes

A

Sphincter of Oddi

147
Q

Hepatopancreatic duct = what ducts

A

Pancreatic duct and BILE duct

148
Q

Hepatopancreatic duct opens in

A

Ampulla of vater of duodenum

149
Q

Secretes alkaline mucous in response to secretin

150
Q

Cells that secretes pancreatic enzymes

A

Acinar cells of pancreas

151
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down FATS

A

Pancreatic lipase

152
Q

Enzyme that breaks down STARCH

A

Amylase
- produced by:
Pancreas (major site)
Salivary glands

153
Q

Enzyme that breaks down PROTEIN

A

Trypsinogen (most important!!)

154
Q

Cells that releases histamine

A

Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets

155
Q

Histamine receptors for smooth muscle cells

A

H1 receptor

156
Q

Histamine receptor for STOMACH

A

H2 receptor - “sTWOmach”

157
Q

What happens if you have allergy to something

A
  • Yung mast cells may nakaattach na IgE
  • maddetect nla yung antigen (kung san ka allergic) ~ attachment
  • mast cells magrrelease ng histamine:

*pag nagbind sa H1 receptor
Smooth muscle cells (target site)
~ BV: vasodilation (redness)
~Bronchi: bronchoconstriction (diff breathing)

*pag nagbind sa H2 receptor
Stomach (target site)
~ ⬆️ HCl acid (abdominal pains)

158
Q

Target site of H1 receptors

A

H1
Smooth muscle cells
BV and bronchi

159
Q

Drug of choice for H1 receptor (allergy)

  • vasodilation of BV (redness)
  • bronchoconstriction (diff breathing)
A

H1 blockers

160
Q

H1 blockers (3)

A

Diphenhydramine HCl (Benadryl)
- antihistamine + sedative (drowsiness)
Loratidine (Claritin/Allerta)
Cetirizine

161
Q

Doc for H2 receptor allergy (abdominal pains)

A

H2 blockers

162
Q

H2 blockers

A

Ranitidine
Cimetidine
**also for hyperacidity

163
Q

What is the drug for HYPERACIDITY????*

A

Antihistamines (H2 receptors)

164
Q

GI tract extend from

A

Oral cavity (lips) to Anus

.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER (38 decks)

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