20 - Adolescence

Question 1

What is adolescence? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 1

• The ‘growing up’ period between childhood and maturity
• 10-20 years old
• Changing of body size/shape, understanding sexuality and striving for emotional intelligence

Question 2

What does Santrock (1998) believe? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 2

• The age of maturity has declined dramatically over the last few hundred years
• Causes include; increased SOL, nutritional advancements and body mass

Question 3

What are the characteristics of puberty? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 3

• Lasts around 4 years
• 2-3 earlier in females
• Marked changes in hormone levels

Question 4

What are the three hypotheses associated with pubertal timing? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 4

• Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons et al 1987)
• Off time hypothesis (Staffin 1990)
• Early timing hypothesis (Staffin & Magnusson 1990)

Question 5

What is the stressful change hypothesis (Simmons et al 1987)? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 5

Intrinsic stress of pubertal change causes distress during the period of most rapid change

Question 6

What is the off time hypothesis (Staffin 1990)? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 6

Event encountered earlier or later than expected will cause additional stress

Question 7

What is the early timing hypothesis (Staffin & Magnusson 1990)? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 7

Early maturation may cause inappropriate maturity demands from others, causing distress

Question 8

What did Capsi & Moffitt (1991) find in relation to the 3 hypotheses associated with pubertal timing? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 8

• Girls = dislike maturing early (antisocial, poor body image and low self esteem)
• Boys = liked maturing early (high self esteem, more popular and good leaders

Question 9

What did Freud (1946) state about adolescence? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 9

Adolescence individuate from their parents, becoming more emotionally and behavioural independent

Question 10

What did Cooper (1986) state about the child-parent relationship in adolescence? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 10

It changes, leading to psychological independence, with continues correctness

Question 11

What is disengagement? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 11

A large decrease in the time spent with the family, due to pull factors from the outside

Question 12

What is continuity and transformation? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 12

Adolescence continue to spend time with each parent alone and talking does not decrease

Question 13

What are the three shifts in self concept? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 13

• Concrete to abstract self portraits
• Normative standards to internalised standards
• Differentiation of the self in to multiple domains

Question 14

What are the 8 stages and associated years Erikson (1950) proposed for development? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 14

1) birth to 1 yr = basic true vs mistrust
2) 1-3 yrs = autonomy vs shame
3) 3-6 yrs = initiative vs guilt
4) 6-11 yrs = industry vs inferior
5) Adolescence = identity vs identity diffusion
6) Young adulthood = intimacy vs isolation
7) Middle adulthood = generatively vs stagnation
8) Late adulthood = ego integrity vs despair

Question 15

What is crisis identity defined as? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 15

Confidence in ones inner continuity amid change

Question 16

In terms of Marcia’s 4 identity statuses (1980), what is the outcome of commitment and crisis? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 16

Achievement = after a period of exploration, individuals emerge with firm identity commitment

Question 17

In terms of Marcia’s 4 identity statuses (1980), what is the outcome of commitment and no crisis? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 17

Foreclosure = individuals who adopt the identities prescribed by parents

Question 18

In terms of Marcia’s 4 identity statuses (1980), what is the outcome of no commitment and a crisis? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 18

Moratorium = The active period of exploration when an individual examines the alternatives to arrive at a choice

Question 19

In terms of Marcia’s 4 identity statuses (1980), what is the outcome of no commitment and no crisis? (Adolescence Developmental)

Answer 19

Diffusion = Individuals who have very little sense of commitment and who are not actively seeking to make decisions