18 - Gender 1 Flashcards
What did Hyde (2005) propose? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Gender similarities hypothesis
- Boys and girls are more similar than they are different
- Differences are largely biological, not psychological
What are the overall differences between genders? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- IQ = identical
- Verbal skills gap closes drastically with age
- Differences of spacial skills increase with age (boys out performing girls)
What are the social developmental differences between boys and girls? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Females are more compliant
- Females are better able to resist temptation
- Females show more empathy
- Males = direct aggression, female = indirect aggression
What are the three main theories of biological influences? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Evolutionary approach (Buss 1999)
- Hormones (Bohlin et al 2002)
- Behavioural genetics (Lervolino et al 2005)
What is the evolutionary approach to gender? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Buss (1999)
- Reproductive advantage
- Girls = close relationships, avoid conflict and control impulse
- Boys = physically active and aggressive
What is the hormonal explanation of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Bohlin et al (2002)
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia exposes xx child to excessive androgens
- Leads to aggression
What is the behavioural genetics approach to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Lervolino et al (2005)
- Asked about behaviour, toys and characteristics
- MZ & DZ boys almost identical
- MZ & DZ girls differ
- Both male and female twins have a higher concordance rate than siblings
What are the two main social theories to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Social learning theory (Mischel 1996)
- Social cognitive theory (Bandura 1999)
What is the social learning theory to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Mischel (1996)
- Child learn gender roles from social agents
- Child is a passive recipient
- Key processes are reinforcement and modelling
In terms of the social learning theory, what is reinforcement? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Langlois & Douris (1980)
- Fathers are more positive in regards to same sex behaviour
In terms of the social learning theory, what is modelling? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Hunston (1983)
- Childrens gender role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents behaviour
What is the social cognitive theory to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Bandura (1999)
- Includes social and cognitive factors
- Modelling, inactive experience, direct tuition
- Importance of children outcome expectancies as a socio-cognitive regulator
What are the main issues with social theories? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Adevelopmental = does not account for developmental changes in children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs
- Lack of consistency in research
What are the 2 main cognitive theories of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Gender constancy (Kohlberg 1966)
- Gender schema (Martin et al 1981)
What is the gender constancy theory of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Kohlberg (1966)
- Gender develops with time and exploration of the world
How did Slaby and Frey (1976) contribute to the gender constancy theory? (Gender 1 Developmental)
1) Identity = 2.5 years (ability to label typical gender)
2) Stability = 3.5 years (sex it stable over time)
3) Constancy = 6 years (idea of permanence, same across time/space/situation)
What is the gender schema theory of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Martin et al (1981)
- Gender identity has a central role
- Networks of gender related information guide gender stereotype processing and behaviour
- Child develops own sex schema before other sex schema
What are the main issues with cognitive theories in explaining gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)
- Does not address the difference of value in gender
- Ignores the social context in which development occurs
