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2 - Developmental > 18 - Gender 1 > Flashcards

18 - Gender 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Hyde (2005) propose? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Gender similarities hypothesis
  • Boys and girls are more similar than they are different
  • Differences are largely biological, not psychological
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2
Q

What are the overall differences between genders? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • IQ = identical
  • Verbal skills gap closes drastically with age
  • Differences of spacial skills increase with age (boys out performing girls)
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3
Q

What are the social developmental differences between boys and girls? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Females are more compliant
  • Females are better able to resist temptation
  • Females show more empathy
  • Males = direct aggression, female = indirect aggression
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4
Q

What are the three main theories of biological influences? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Evolutionary approach (Buss 1999)
  • Hormones (Bohlin et al 2002)
  • Behavioural genetics (Lervolino et al 2005)
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5
Q

What is the evolutionary approach to gender? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Buss (1999)
  • Reproductive advantage
  • Girls = close relationships, avoid conflict and control impulse
  • Boys = physically active and aggressive
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6
Q

What is the hormonal explanation of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Bohlin et al (2002)
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia exposes xx child to excessive androgens
  • Leads to aggression
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7
Q

What is the behavioural genetics approach to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Lervolino et al (2005)
  • Asked about behaviour, toys and characteristics
  • MZ & DZ boys almost identical
  • MZ & DZ girls differ
  • Both male and female twins have a higher concordance rate than siblings
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8
Q

What are the two main social theories to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Social learning theory (Mischel 1996)

- Social cognitive theory (Bandura 1999)

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9
Q

What is the social learning theory to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Mischel (1996)
  • Child learn gender roles from social agents
  • Child is a passive recipient
  • Key processes are reinforcement and modelling
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10
Q

In terms of the social learning theory, what is reinforcement? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Langlois & Douris (1980)

- Fathers are more positive in regards to same sex behaviour

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11
Q

In terms of the social learning theory, what is modelling? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Hunston (1983)

- Childrens gender role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents behaviour

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12
Q

What is the social cognitive theory to gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Bandura (1999)
  • Includes social and cognitive factors
  • Modelling, inactive experience, direct tuition
  • Importance of children outcome expectancies as a socio-cognitive regulator
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13
Q

What are the main issues with social theories? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Adevelopmental = does not account for developmental changes in children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs
  • Lack of consistency in research
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14
Q

What are the 2 main cognitive theories of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Gender constancy (Kohlberg 1966)

- Gender schema (Martin et al 1981)

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15
Q

What is the gender constancy theory of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Kohlberg (1966)

- Gender develops with time and exploration of the world

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16
Q

How did Slaby and Frey (1976) contribute to the gender constancy theory? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A

1) Identity = 2.5 years (ability to label typical gender)
2) Stability = 3.5 years (sex it stable over time)
3) Constancy = 6 years (idea of permanence, same across time/space/situation)

17
Q

What is the gender schema theory of gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Martin et al (1981)
  • Gender identity has a central role
  • Networks of gender related information guide gender stereotype processing and behaviour
  • Child develops own sex schema before other sex schema
18
Q

What are the main issues with cognitive theories in explaining gender development? (Gender 1 Developmental)

A
  • Does not address the difference of value in gender

- Ignores the social context in which development occurs

2 - Developmental (23 decks)

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