13 - Emotions 1

Question 1

What are the two crucial parts of the interaction between emotional development and the environment? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 1

• Experience dependency

- Experience expectancy

Question 2

What is experience dependency? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 2

Infants will grow differently depending on experience

Question 3

What is experience dependency? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 3

The infant is primed to expect a certain input

Question 4

What is the human nest characterised by? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 4

• Soothing
• Affectionate touch
• Responsively
• Free play
• Social embeddedness

Question 5

What can human nest practices predict? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 5

Children social-emotional and cognitive abilities

Question 6

What is becoming increasingly common is raising children? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 6

Adverse childhood experiences e.g. neglect

Question 7

What has decreased as a result of moving away from nest practices? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 7

Lower levels of secure attachments

Question 8

What are western child practices seen as? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 8

‘Spirit killing’

Question 9

What did Mahler (1975) believe? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 9

Most important process of emotional development is the process of separation-individuation

Question 10

What is separation-individuation? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 10

A developmental process through which an individual negotiates self-other boundaries

Question 11

What is duality of human experience? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 11

Wanting to exist sometimes, and other times not

Question 12

What are the three stages of separation-individuation? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 12

1) Infant to differentiate from caregiver, without detachment
2) Symbolic phase, then individuation-seperation phase
3) Individual personhood/autonomy

Question 13

What age does the symbolic stage occur at? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 13

0 - 5 months

Question 14

What age does the individuation-seperation phase occur at? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 14

6 - 24 month

Question 15

What is the symbiotic phase? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 15

• Infant is a closed system

- Symbiosis occurs (state of dual unity where caregiver does everything)

Question 16

What is the individuation-seperation phase? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 16

• Differentiation of self and others
• Breakdown of symbiotic relationship
• Deflation of omnipotence (feeling of being powerful)
• Infant mourns over the loss of symbiotic relationship

Question 17

What is the equilibrium of a child related to? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 17

• Closeness during symbiotic phase
• Caregiver sensitivity and adaptiveness
• Childs experiences in the world

Question 18

What three ways can transformation of personhood be seen? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 18

• Self awareness
• Move from dyadic to self regulation
• Attachment vs authenticity

Question 19

What is self awareness? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 19

The capacity to reflect on the self as an object in the environment

Question 20

At what age is self awareness hypothesised to be at? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 20

24 months

Question 21

What is one way of measuring self awareness and how is this task performed? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 21

• Litmus test
• Place a mark on the child’s head
• Child looks into a mirror
• Some will make the connection that it is a reflection, others will ignore this

Question 22

Who studied self conscious emotions? (Emotions 1 Development)

Answer 22

Lewis et al (1989)