2 - APP - Unit 2.1 - The Skeletal System Flashcards
Skeletal system
Framework of bones & cartilage (support)
Protects organs
Allows movement
Types of Bones (Classification by shape)
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
Types of Bones - Long bones
Greater length than width
Expl:
- femur (thigh bone - longest + strongest)
- tibia (medial leg bone / shin bone)
- fibula (lateral leg bone)
- metatarsals (foot bones)
- phalanx (toes or fingers bones)
- humerus (arm bone)
- radius (lateral forearm bone)
- ulna (medial forearm bone)
- metacarpals (hand bones)
- clavicles (collar bones)
Types of Bones - Short bones
Nearly equal length and width (Somewhat cube-shaped)
Expl:
- carpals (wrist bones - 2x8)
- tarsals (ankle bones - 2x7)
Types of Bones - Flat bones
Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of bone
Expl:
- cranial (skull bones)
- sternum (breast bone)
- ribs
- scapulas (shoulder blades),
- ilium portion of the coxal bones (hip bone)
Note: coxal bones: ilium (big flat) / pubis (up-front) / ischium (butt bone)
Types of Bones - Irregular bones
Complex shaped
Cannot be grouped into the other three categories
Expl:
- Vertebrae (back)
- Certain facial bones
Types of Bones - Sesamoid bones
Classification by location
Small bones embedded in tendons (connect muscles to bone) where considerable pressure develops
Expl:
- bones within the tendons of muscles leading to the thumb and big toe
- patella (knee cap) - largest sesamoid
Types of Bones - Sesamoid bones - Patella
Kneecaps
Present in everyone
Largest sesamoid bone in the body
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Epiphysis
Enlarged areas on the ends
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone between the ends
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Articular cartilage
- Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the end surface of the bone
- Provides a smooth shock-absorbing surface where two bones meet to form a joint.
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Periosteum
- Fibrous membrane that covers the shaft of the bone.
- Protects the bone + provides attachement for tendons & ligaments.
- Contains abundance of nerves, blood, lymph vessels
Essential to bone nutrition & repair
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Compact bone tissue
- Strong and rigid
- Compose the walls of diaphysis, beneath periosteum
- Forms the hard bone found in shafts of long bones and the plates of bone that surround short, flat & irregular bones
- Protection and support by resisting the stresses placed upon them by the body and gravity
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Spongy bone
- Compose inner portion of the bone
- Irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin, bony plates
- Lightweight but surprisingly strong interior bone structure
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Spongy tissue in flat bones & epiphysis of long bones is filled with…
…red bone marrow. Site of protection for blood cells.
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Medullary cavity
Name of the hollow chamber formed in the shaft of long bones that is field with the red bone marrow.
Medulla = deeper portion Cortex = outer covering
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Marrow
- Connective tissue that fills the spaces inside the spongy bone tissue.
- Function concerned with the formation of red and white blood cells the process of Hematopoiesis
- Aids nutrition of bones
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Marrow - 2 types
- Red marrow
- Yellow marrow
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Red bone marrow
- Functions in the production or red and white blood cells and platelets
- Newborn: Occupies nearly all the bone cavities
- Adult: Found in the bones paces of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and pelvis
Structure of Typical Long Bone - Yellow bone marrow
Result of inactive blood-producing cells filling with fatty material
Located in various parts of the medullary cavities in long bones
Bone Growth and Development - Capillarities
Highly organized system of blood vessels bringing nourishment to bones
Make their way through the periosteum into the interior of the bones
Bone Growth and Development - Diet
Diet for proper growth and hardening of bony structures: calcium, phosphorous & vitamin D
Vitamin D: important in bone absorption & bone deposition
Bone Growth and Development - Cells responsible for bones growth & maintenance
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
Bone Growth and Development - Osteoblasts
Cells that built bone tissue
Bone Growth and Development - Osteoclasts
Cells that breakdown and reabsorb bone tissue
Substance liberated by breakdown are recycled by the body and reused to form new bone tissue
Bone Growth and Development - Response to mechanical stress
Within limits, bone can alter its strength, becoming stronger with time through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers
Main mechanical stress: result from the pull of skletal muscles and teh pull of gravity
Expl: Astronauts are subject to weightlessness of space and lose bone mass
Athletes bones are repetitively and highly stressed and become thicker
Bone Growth and Development - Removal of mechanical stress
Weakens bone through demineralization (loss of bone minerals) and reduction in the number of collagen fibers
Functions of Bones - 5 fonctions
- Offer a framework that supports body structures and gives shape to the body
- Protect delicate internal organs and tissues
- Act as levers in conjunction with muscles to produce movement
- Contain the hematopoietic tissues that manufacture blood cells
- Store minerals such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and magnesium
Organization of the Skeleton - 2 skeleton parts
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial skeleton - General
Bones of the cranium, inner ear, hyoid, vertebrae and thoracic cage
Organization of the Skeleton - Appendicular skeleton - General
- Bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips and lower extremities
- Has more bones than the axial skeleton
- “Appendicular” identifies parts as appendages or extensions of the axis or axial skeleton
Organization of the Skeleton - Quantity of bones
TO BE CONFIRMED
206 names bones: (or 213 ?????)
- 87 Axial skeleton bones
- 126 Axial appendicular bones - Upper extremities
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - 6 areas
- Cranium (8)
- Face (14)
- Inner Ear Bones (6) - 3 per ear
- Hyoid bone (1)
- Vertebrae (33)
- Thoracic cage (25)
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Cranium (8)
Forms a protective structure of the brain:
- Frontal (1)
- Parietal (2)
- Occipital (1)
- Temporal (2)
- Sphenoid (1)
- Ethmoid (1)
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Face (14)
Forms the structure of the eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth and jaw
- Maxilla (2)
- Palatine (2) - rear of mouth
- Zygomatic (2) - “cheek” bone (connect to the frontal maxilla & temporal bones)
- Lacrimal (2) - small bones inside eye sockets, produce tears
- Nasal (2)
- Vomer (1)
- Interior nasal concha (2)
- Mandible (1) - “jaw” bone (only movable bone in the face)
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Inner Ear Bones (6)
Forms the internal structure of ears
- Malleus (2) - “hammer”
- Incus (2) - “anvil”
- Stapes (2) - “stirrup”
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Hyoid bone (1)
Supports the tongue
Does not articulate with any other bone
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Vertebrae (33)
Forms the spinal column which supports the head and trunk and protects the spinal cord
- Cervical vertebrae (7) - neck - (C1 + C2 = atlanto axial joint)
- Thoracic vertebrae (12) - upper back
- Lumbar vertebrae (5) - lower back
- Sacral vertebrae - starts out as (5) separate vertebrae - sacrum
- Coccyx - starts out as (4) separate coccygeal vertebrae - tail bone
Organization of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton bones - Thoracic cage (25)
Forms a protective cage for the lungs and heart. Serves as an attachment for the ribs at the frond of the chest
- Ribs (24)
- Sternum (1) - Breast bone
Organization of the Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton bones - 2 areas
- Upper Extremities (64)
- Lower Extremities (62)
Organization of the Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton bones - Upper Extremities (64)
- Scapula (2) - shoulder blade
- Clavicule (2) - collar bone
- Humerus (2) - arm bone
- Radius (2) - lateral forearm bone
- Ulna (2) - medial forearm bone (smaller)
- Carpals (16) - “wrist” (2x8)
- Metacarpals (10) - hand bones (2x5)
- Phalanxes (28) - finger bones - distal/middle/proximal (2x14)
Organization of the Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton bones - Lower Extremities (62)
- Coxal bones (2) - hip bone
- Femur (2) - thigh bone
- Patella (2) - knee cap
- Tibia (2) - medial leg bone (shin)
- Fibula (2) - lateral leg bone (smaller)
- Tarsals (14) - ankle bones
- Metatarsals (10) - foot bones
- Phalanxes (28) - Toe bones - distal/middle/proximal
Type of joints - Joints/Articulations
Connections of bones of the skeleton at different parts of their surface
Type of joints - 3 major groups
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
Type of joints - major groups - Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Expl: skull
Type of joints - major groups - Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
Expl: sacroiliac joints (= connection between sacrum & hip bones)
Type of joints - major groups - Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Expl: hip or shoulder
- Articulating ends of the bones that meet at these joints are covered with hyaline cartilage (=articular cartilage)
- A strong fibrous joint capsule surrounds the joint and is firmly attached to both bones
- Outside of the capsule is constructed of ligaments attached to the bones, while inner surface or the lining of the capsule consists of synovial membrane, which secrete synovial fluid that lubricates the joint surfaces
Type of joints - 5 types of freely movable joints (Diarthrosis)
- Pivot
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Gliding
- Saddle
Type of joints - freely movable joints - Pivot joints
Allow for rotation
Have an extension on one bone that rotates in relation to the bone it articulates with.
Expl:
- Atlanto axial joint (C1-atlas / C2-axis - in the neck
- Proximal radio-alnar joint
Type of joints - freely movable joints - Hinge joints
Allow for flexion and extension.
Move through one plane
Expl: elbows, knees and two distal joints fingers and toes
Type of joints - freely movable joints - Ball and socket joints
Allow the greatest range of movement
including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal /external rotation and circumduction.
A bone with a ball-shaped head articulates in a socket shaped depression.
Expl: shoulder and hips
Type of joints - freely movable joints - Gliding joints
Small flat surfaces (facets) that /slip/slide/glide across one another
Expl: vertebrae in spine, wrists & ankles, hand & feet
Type of joints - freely movable joints - Saddle joints
Involve bones with concave articulating surfaces
Expl:
- joints at the base of thumb
- the sternoclavicular joints
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - 16 movements
(TO be reviewed with notes)
Occurs in sagittal plane:
- Flexion - decrease in angle
- Extension - increase in angle
- Hyperextension - continuation of extension
Occurs in coronal plane:
- Abduction - away from midline (ab=away / duction=movement)
- Adduction - toward midline (ad=toward / duction=movement)
- Internal rotation - around axis, towards the midline
- External rotation - around the axis, away from the midline (only shoulder & hip)
- Circumduction - distal portion moving in a circle (leg or arm in circle)
Transverse plane
- Protraction - movement forward
- Retraction - movement backward
- Plantarflexion - foot down
- Dorsiflexion - foot up
Transverse plane
- Pronation - palm turns posteriorly & inferiorly
- Supination - palm turns anteriorly & superiorly
Coronal or frontal plane
- Inversion - sole in
- Eversion - sole out
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Flexion
Involves a decrease in the angle between the surfaces of the articulating bones.
Expl: bending the knee or elbow
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Extension
Involves an increase in the angle between the surfaces of the articulating bones.
Expl: straightening the knee of elbow
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Hyperextension
Involves a continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.
Expl: leaning excessively backwards
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Abduction
Involves movement of a bone away from midline.
Expl: moving the arm or leg upward away from midline
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Adduction
Involves movement of a bone toward the midline.
Expl: returning the arm or leg to body’s side
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Internal rotation
Involves moving a limb or body part around its longitudinal axis toward from the midline.
AKA medial rotation
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - External rotation
Involves moving a limb or body part around its longitudinal axis away from the midline.
AKA lateral rotation
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Circumduction
Involves a combination of flexion / extension and abduction / adduction in succession with the distal portion of the limb moving in a circle.
Expl: moving the arm or leg in a circle
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Protraction
Involves moving a part of the body such as the mandible or shoulder girdle forward on a plane parallel to the ground.
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Retraction
Involves moving a part of the body such as the mandible or shoulder girdle backward on a plane parallel to the ground.
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Plantarflexion
Involves the movement of the foot down towards the plantar surface of the foot such as when walking on the toes
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Dorsiflexion
Involves the movement of the foot up towards the dorsal surface of the foot such as when walking on the heels
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Pronation
Involves movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned posteriorly and inferiorly
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Supination
Involves movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly and superiorly.
Expl: when one twists a doorknob to open a door
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Inversion
Involves moving the sole of the foot inward, thus stretching the lateral aspect of the ankle.
Most common ankle injury: due to excessive ankle inversion
Movements of Freely Movable (Diarthritic) Joints - Eversion
Involves moving the sole of the foot outward, thus stretching the medial aspect of the ankle.
This ankle movement is limited by bony structures.
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Fracture
Break or rupture in a bone
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - 5 types of fractures (according to severity of njury)
- Simple
- Compound
- Greenstick
- Comminuted
- Spiral
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Simple fracture
- Clean break through the entire bone
AKA closed fracture - No splintering or fragmentation
- No communication with overlying skin surface
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Compound fracture
- Distorted break through the entire bone
AKA open fracture - With splintering or fragmentation
- Communication with overlying skin surface
Most dangerous: strong possibility of infection
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Greenstick fracture
- Incomplete break through the bone, with no clear division
- Splintering present
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Comminuted fracture
- Multiple bone fragments with clear separation (makes healing difficult)
- Operative intervention usually necessary
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Spiral fracture
- Extensive break line that travels an extensive length of the bone in a corkscrew manner
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Dislocation
Bone displaced within a joint.
Due to traumatic injury that stretches or tears ligaments around the joint
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Reduction
“Realigning” the bones after dislocation
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Sprain
Injury to joint that over-stretch or tear the ligaments
Not severe enough to have dislocation
Causes swelling
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - 3 Classes of Sprain (according to severity)
- Class I Sprain - Stretch in ligament, some discomfort, minimal loss of function
- Class II Sprain - Ligament torn with, some loss of function. May have discoloration due to tissue damage & bleeding
- Class III Sprain - Most severe. Ligaments torn and internal bleeding, severe loss of function
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae (=small fluid-filled sacs lined with the synovial membrane).
Results from repeated irritation or trauma.
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Bursae
Small fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane located near the joints.
Reduce the friction of overlying structures during movement
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints
Often accompanied with pain and changes in bone structure
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Arthritis - 3 most common kinds
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gouty arthritis
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Arthritis - Osteoarthritis
Chronic disease that accompanies aging.
Erodes articular cartilage and results in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility.
Usually affects joints that experienced great deal of wear and tear or trauma. Expl: knees, hips, spine
No cure. Medication/exercise/massage relieve pain and maintain mobility. Surgery to remove spurs or replace affected joints.
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis
Most serious and crippling form of arthitis
Chronic inflammatory disease. Systemic, autoimmune disorder.
Affects synovial membrane that lines the joints. Inflammation causes articular cartilage to erode and joints to calcify, to even become immovable.
Joints become swollen, hot & red.
Treatments to slow process and reduce discomfort.
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Arthritis - Gouty arthritis
AKA Gout or Rich Man’s disease
Usually on feet, especially metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe.
High level of uric acid in blood produces uric acid crystals that deposit on the joint resulting in pain & inflammation.
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Ankylosing spondylitis
Auto immune disorder that causes calcification of soft tissues within a joint that crates limites range of motion
Skeletal and Joint Disorders - Osteoporosis
Increased porosity of bones
Increased reabsorption of calcium into the blood stream, causing thinning of bone tissues (more fragile/prone to fracture)
Spinal Curvatures - Healthy adult spine
- Double S curve
- Cervical & lumbar portions: concave & normal lordotic curve
- Thoracic & sacral portion: convex & normal kyphotic curve
Spinal Curvatures - Normal curvatures
- Cervical: concave
- Thoracic: convex
- Lumbar: concave
- Sacral: convex
Spinal Curvatures - 3 abnormal curvatures
- Scoliosis
- Lordosis
- Kyphosis
Spinal Curvatures - Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of the spine
Spinal Curvatures - Lordosis
Abnormal concave curve
Most commonly found in the lumbar spine
Spinal Curvatures - 2 types of Lordosis
- Hyperlordosis : increased concave curve (sway back)
- Hypolordosis : decreased concave curve (not enough concave curve)
Spinal Curvatures - Kyphosis
Abnormal convex curve most commonly found in the thoracic spine.
Occasionally cervical spine will have a kyphotic curve.
Spinal Curvatures - 2 types of Kyphosis
- Hyperkyphosis: increased convex curve (hump back)
- Hypokyphosis: decreased convex curve (too straight -military spine)
General - Articul-
- Articulation (noun): a joint
- Articulate (verb): to form a joint
- Articular (adjective): found near of at a joint
General - Mineral & Nutrients
- Calcium: most important mineral for bone health
- Vitamin D: most important vitamin for bone health (helps body to absorb calcium)
