2 - APP - Unit 1.5 - Cell, tissues & body membranes Flashcards
Cell
Basic living unit of the body
Cell - 2 main parts
- Nucleus - control center that direct cells activities
- Cytoplasm - Fluid within the cell (between cell membrane and nucleus)
Cell - Organelles
- Means “little organs”
- Group of small structures floating in cytoplasm
Cell membrane
- Aka plasma membrane
- Forms outer covering of cell
- Basic structure: double layer of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
Cell membrane - Function
Regulates the passage of substance travelling in & out of the cell
Cell - Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Produces most of the energy of the cell in a process called aerobic cellular respiration (produced with oxygen)
Cell - Ribosomes
Makes enzymes and other proteins compounds
Cell - Endoplasmic reticulum
“plumbing of the cell”
A complex network of membrane-enclosed tubes and spaces within the cell’s cytoplasm that transports substances
Cell - 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth - Makes and transports fat (lipids)
- Rough - Makes and transports proteins
Cell - Golgi bodies
“Warehouse of the cell”
Store and release products/susbance from cells
Cell - Lysomes
“Digestive system of the cell”
Contain enzymes that break down substances
Cell - Transport proteins
Large protein molecules found in the cell that provide transport of substances into and out of the cell
Cell - 2 processes of transport through cell membrane
- Passive transport
- Active transport
Cell - Passive transport
- No energy needed
- No transport protein needed
Cell - Passive transport - 3 processes
- Diffusion (primary process)
- Osmosis
- Filtration
Cell - Passive transport - Diffusion
Substances scatter themselves evenly
Cell - Passive transport - Osmosis
Water diffusion through the cell membrane
Cell - Passive transport - Filtration
Fluid passes through semi permeable membrane
Cell - Active transport
- Energy required (ATP)
- Transport protein required
- Movement of substances from lower concentration to higher concentration.
Cell - Active transport - ATP
Aka Adenosine TriPhosphate
Chemical substance/molecule that gives the energy for the active transport process.
Regulating electrolytes (?)
Cell - Endocytosis
Cell function that makes large particules or volumes of water entering the cell
Cell - Endocytosis - 2 formes
- Pinocytosis (“to drink”)
- Phagocytosis (“to eat”)
Cell - Endocytosis - Pinocytosis
Ingestion of small vesicles of extracellular fluid (water)
Cell - Endocytosis - Phagocytosis
Ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, cell or portions of degenerating tissue
Cell - Cellular respiration
Energy production.
Breakdown of glucose molecules to generate ATP
Cell - Cellular respiration - 2 types
- Anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen)
- Aerobic (energy produced with oxygen)
Cell - Cellular respiration - Anaerobic
- Energy production without oxygen
- Aka Glycolysis (sugar split)
- Occurs within the cytoplasm
- Yields 2 molecules of ATP
Cell - Cellular respiration - Aerobic
- Energy production with oxygen
- Aka Kreb’s cycle
- Occurs within the mitochondria
- Yields 36-38 molecules of ATP
Tissues
Collection of similar cells that carry out specific functions
Tissues - 5 kinds that compose the body’s organs
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Liquid tissue