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RMT - LtB > 2 - APP - Unit 1.5 - Cell, tissues & body membranes > Flashcards

2 - APP - Unit 1.5 - Cell, tissues & body membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic living unit of the body

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2
Q

Cell - 2 main parts

A
  • Nucleus - control center that direct cells activities

- Cytoplasm - Fluid within the cell (between cell membrane and nucleus)

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3
Q

Cell - Organelles

A
  • Means “little organs”

- Group of small structures floating in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Aka plasma membrane
  • Forms outer covering of cell
  • Basic structure: double layer of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
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5
Q

Cell membrane - Function

A

Regulates the passage of substance travelling in & out of the cell

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6
Q

Cell - Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

Produces most of the energy of the cell in a process called aerobic cellular respiration (produced with oxygen)

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7
Q

Cell - Ribosomes

A

Makes enzymes and other proteins compounds

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8
Q

Cell - Endoplasmic reticulum

A

“plumbing of the cell”

A complex network of membrane-enclosed tubes and spaces within the cell’s cytoplasm that transports substances

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9
Q

Cell - 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Smooth - Makes and transports fat (lipids)

- Rough - Makes and transports proteins

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10
Q

Cell - Golgi bodies

A

“Warehouse of the cell”

Store and release products/susbance from cells

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11
Q

Cell - Lysomes

A

“Digestive system of the cell”

Contain enzymes that break down substances

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12
Q

Cell - Transport proteins

A

Large protein molecules found in the cell that provide transport of substances into and out of the cell

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13
Q

Cell - 2 processes of transport through cell membrane

A
  • Passive transport

- Active transport

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14
Q

Cell - Passive transport

A
  • No energy needed

- No transport protein needed

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15
Q

Cell - Passive transport - 3 processes

A
  • Diffusion (primary process)
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
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16
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Diffusion

A

Substances scatter themselves evenly

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17
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Osmosis

A

Water diffusion through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Filtration

A

Fluid passes through semi permeable membrane

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19
Q

Cell - Active transport

A
  • Energy required (ATP)
  • Transport protein required
  • Movement of substances from lower concentration to higher concentration.
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20
Q

Cell - Active transport - ATP

A

Aka Adenosine TriPhosphate
Chemical substance/molecule that gives the energy for the active transport process.
Regulating electrolytes (?)

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21
Q

Cell - Endocytosis

A

Cell function that makes large particules or volumes of water entering the cell

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22
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - 2 formes

A
  • Pinocytosis (“to drink”)

- Phagocytosis (“to eat”)

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23
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - Pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of small vesicles of extracellular fluid (water)

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24
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, cell or portions of degenerating tissue

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25
Q

Cell - Cellular respiration

A

Energy production.

Breakdown of glucose molecules to generate ATP

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26
Q

Cell - Cellular respiration - 2 types

A
  • Anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen)

- Aerobic (energy produced with oxygen)

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27
Q

Cell - Cellular respiration - Anaerobic

A
  • Energy production without oxygen
  • Aka Glycolysis (sugar split)
  • Occurs within the cytoplasm
  • Yields 2 molecules of ATP
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28
Q

Cell - Cellular respiration - Aerobic

A
  • Energy production with oxygen
  • Aka Kreb’s cycle
  • Occurs within the mitochondria
  • Yields 36-38 molecules of ATP
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29
Q

Tissues

A

Collection of similar cells that carry out specific functions

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30
Q

Tissues - 5 kinds that compose the body’s organs

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Liquid tissue
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31
Q

Tissues - Epithelial tissue

A

Forms outer covering & inner linings of the body

32
Q

Tissues - Epithelial tissue - 2 Classifications

A

This large group of tissues can be subdivided:

  • according to the shape of the cells
  • according to the arrangement of the cells
33
Q

Tissues - Epithelial tissue - Shape classifications

A
  • Squamous - flat and scale like
  • Transitional - oval and able to expand and contract
  • Cuboidal - cube shaped
  • Columnar - higher than wide
34
Q

Tissues - Epithelial tissue - Arrangement classifications

A
  • Simple (single layer of cells of same shape & size)

- Stratified (many layers of cells of same shape & size)

35
Q

Tissues - Glands

A

Specialized structures formed by simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion of substance inside and outside of the body

36
Q

Tissues - Glands - 2 classification

A
  • Exocrine - released secretion through a duct outside of the body
  • Endocrine - released secretion inside the body passing them directly into the bloodstream
37
Q

Connective tissues

A

The mots abondant and widely distributed tissues of the body

38
Q

Connective tissues - Matrix

not sure ?

A

Intercellular material found between the cells

39
Q

Connective tissues - 6 types

A
  1. Aeropolar connective tissue (Loose)
  2. Adipose or fat tissue (Fat)
  3. Fibrous connective tissue
  4. Bone
  5. Cartilage
  6. Hematopoietic tisse (bone marrow)
40
Q

Connective tissues - Aeropolar connective tissue

A

Delicate webs of fibers and cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft sticky, gel
The most widely distributed of all connective tissues

41
Q

Connective tissues - Adipose tissue

A

Stores lipids (fat)

42
Q

Connective tissues - Fibrous connective tissue

A

Made of bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows

43
Q

Connective tissues - Fibrous connective tissue compose

A
  • Tendons

- Ligaments

44
Q

Connective tissues - Tendon

A

Composed by Fibrous connective tissues

Connect the muscles to the bone

45
Q

Connective tissues - Ligament

A

Composed by Fibrous connective tissues

Connect the bone to the bone

46
Q

Connective tissues - Bone tissues

A

Tissue in which intercellular matrix is rendered hard by being impregnated with mineral salts as calcium, phosphate and calcium carbonate

47
Q

Connective tissues - Cartilage

A

Firm plastic-like tissue

48
Q

Connective tissues - Cartilage - 3 forms

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
49
Q

Connective tissues - Hyaline cartilage

A

Translucent matrix

Found in nose, windpipe, end of bones forming movable joints

50
Q

Connective tissues - Fibrocartilage

A

Contains dense fibrous connective tissue fibers mixed with cartilage
Found between vertebrae and pelvic bones (strong support + minimal range of movement required)

51
Q

Connective tissues - Elastic cartilage

A

The most resilient (flexible) type of cartilage

Found in external ear

52
Q

Connective tissues - Hematopoietic tissue

A

Tissue responsible for the formation of:
- blood cells
- lymphatic system cells (defense against diseases)
Found in red marrow

53
Q

Muscle tissue - Muscle cells

A

Movement specialist

Ability to shorten or contract = contractibility

54
Q

Muscle tissue - Voluntary

A

Consciously controlled

55
Q

Muscle tissue - Involuntary

A

Cannot consciously be controlled

56
Q

Muscle tissue - Striated

A

Has striations (stripes)

57
Q

Muscle tissue - Non-striated

A

Has no striations (patterns)

58
Q

Muscle tissue - 3 kinds

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle tissue
59
Q

Muscle tissue - Skeletal muscle

A
  • Attached to bones
  • Striated
  • Voluntary and controlled movements
60
Q

Muscle tissue - Cardiac muscle

A
  • Form the walls of the heart
  • Allows to pump at regular involuntary intervals (no conscious control)
  • Striated
61
Q

Muscle tissue - Smooth muscle tissue

A
  • Form the wall of blood vessels and hollow organs (like intestines)
  • Involuntary (no conscious control) contractions to propel food through the digestive tract or regulate diameter of blood vessels
  • Not striated (smooth)
62
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Rapid communication between body structures and control of bodily function
Controls and coordinates

63
Q

Nervous Tissue - 2 kinds of cells

A
  • Neurons - provide complex function

- Neuroglia - Support and structure neurons

64
Q

Nervous Tissue - Neurons

A
  • A cell body
  • 2 types of processes
    > Axon: transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body (sends info)
    > Dendrites: cary impulse toward the cell body (receive info)
65
Q

Liquid Tissue

A

Composed of blood and lymph

66
Q

Liquid Tissue - Blood

A

Fluid tissue circulating through body
Brings nutrients to body cells
Removes waste products

67
Q

Liquid Tissue - Lymph

A

Derivated from blood and tissue fluid

Collected into lymphatic vessels

68
Q

Body membranes - Membrane

A

Thin, sheet-like structure that may have important functions in the body

69
Q

Body membranes - 2 types

A
  • Epithelial membranes (epithelial tissue)

- Connective tissue membranes (various types of connective tissues)

70
Q

Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - 3 types

A
  • Cutaneous membrane (skin)
  • Serous membranes
  • Mucous membranes
71
Q

Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Cutaneous membrane

A

The skin, primary and largest organ of the integumentary system

72
Q

Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Serous membranes

A

Produces a thin, watery fluid to reduce friction (lubricant) when organs rub against each others or against cavities walls

73
Q

Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Serous membranes - 3 types

A
  • Pleura - covers the lung
  • Pericardium - covers the heart
  • Peritoneum - Lines the abdominal cavity
74
Q

Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Mucous membranes

A

Produce a thick, sticky substance that protects and lubricates
Line the surface of the digestive and upper respiratory tracts

75
Q

Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - 2 types

A
  • Fascial membranes

- Skeletal membranes

76
Q

Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - Fascial membranes

A

Anchor and support the soft tissue organs

Sheath arounds muscles ord other structures that support nerves and blood vessels

77
Q

Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - Skeletal membranes

A

Cover bones and cartilage

  • Periosteum: covers bones
  • Perichondrium: covers cartilage
  • Synovial membrane: lining joint cavities & secretes synovial fluid (lubricant between ends of bone at joints)

RMT - LtB (24 decks)

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