16

Question 1

causes of post menopausal bleeding

Answer 1

• endometrial cancer
• hormone replacement therapy
• peri-menopausal bleeding
• atrophic vaginitis
• polyps
• other cancers

Question 2

management advanced stage endometrial cancer

Answer 2

radiotherapy

Question 3

define 1st degree vaginal tear

Answer 3

through vaginal mucosa

Question 4

implications of female sterilisation

Answer 4

• irreversible infertility
• no effect on periods/ hormones
• reduced risk of ovarian cancer

Question 5

bladder voiding nerve supply and innervation type

Answer 5

S2-4

parasympathetic and voluntary

Question 6

stress urinary incontinence

Answer 6

involuntary leakage of urine on effort/ exertion e.g. sneezing

Question 7

organism responsible for erythrasma

Answer 7

corynebacterium minutissimum

Question 8

explain APGAR score

Answer 8

A - appearance
P- pulse
G - grimace
A - activity
R - respiration

Question 9

management cryptorchidism

Answer 9

orchiopexy

Question 10

management of herpes

Answer 10

• most clear up on their own

- aciclovir

Question 11

factors associated with placental abruption

Answer 11

• pre-eclampsia
• trauma
• multiple pregnancy
• chronic hypertension
• smoking
• increased age
• increased parity
• cocaine
• polyhydramnios

Question 12

what happens in cystic fibrosis

Answer 12

defect of cellular chloride transport

Question 13

pre-eclamptic toxaemia prophylaxis in subsequent pregnancy

Answer 13

low dose aspirin 12weeks –>

Question 14

chlamydia presentation in women

Answer 14

• 70% asymptomatic
• dysuria
• green/ yellow discharge
• tummy/ pelvic pain
• pain duroc./.,hmgfz`
• pain during sex
• bleeding after sex

Question 15

define enterocele

Answer 15

prolapse of upper posterior wall of vagina, usually containing loops of small bowel

Question 16

main causes of secondary post partum haemorrhage

Answer 16

• retained tissue
• infection
• tears/ trauma
• endometriosis

Question 17

cause bacterial vaginosis

Answer 17

• vit D deficiency

- potentially sexually transmissible

Question 18

management vulvovaginal candidosis

Answer 18

azole antifungals

• clotrimazole PV once
• clotrimazole cream if vulvitis

Question 19

define regular menstruation

Answer 19

<20 days variation in 12 months

Question 20

treatment of seizures/ impending seizures as a result of pre-eclampsia

Answer 20

• magnesium sulfate bolus and IV infusion
• blood pressure control
• avoid fluid overload

Question 21

non-obstructive causes azoospermia

Answer 21

• CF
• radiation and toxins
• hormone imbalances
• varicocele
• karyotype abnormality
• Y chromosome depletion

Question 22

Almost 30,000 rubber duckies were lost at sea in the ‘90s and are still being found today.

Answer 22

and apparently they’ve helped reveal sea patterns or something