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EDEXCEL Russian History > 1.5c What impact did the resurgence of nationalism have on the collapse of the USSR? > Flashcards

1.5c What impact did the resurgence of nationalism have on the collapse of the USSR? Flashcards

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1
Q

Define liberal nationalism

A

The view that all countries should be self governing and independent of control of other nations

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2
Q

Define chauvinistic nationalism

A

The view that a specific nation has the right to rule or play a guiding role in the development of toher nations

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3
Q

Give 5 examples of government forced nationalism before 1985 (good luck)

A
  • Campaign against the veiling of women 1927
  • Minorities taught in Russian (Russification)
  • Satellite states forced to take part in the Great Patriotic War
  • Russians dominated the secret police
  • Holodomor where the industrialisation of Russia was prioritised over Ukrainian lives
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4
Q

Give 3 examples of nationalism from Russia which benefited the Satellite States before 1985

A
  • From 1953, economic planners invested into living conditions in the republics
  • Brezhnev’s social contract - urbanisation and modernisation in exchange for obedience
  • Educational investment higher in non-Russian republics
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5
Q

What had Gorbachov naively thought about the attitudes of people in the Satellite States concerning nationalism?

A

They had renounced their national identity and identified as ‘Soviet’

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6
Q

After 1985, what 2 things weakened the authority of the Soviet Union over the people of the satellite states?

A
  • Revelations about the crimes of the Communist Party

- Economic collapse

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7
Q

What feature of Gorbachov’s tenure allowed Nationalist groups to obtain great power?

A

Gorbachov’s unwillingness to use force

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8
Q

The removal of what key policy was the major turning point for the growth of Nationalism in the satellite states?

A

Brezhnev Doctrine

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9
Q

Where did the Brezhnev Doctrine originate?

A

From invading Czechoslovakia in 1968 to stop the government introducing a more Capitalist-style system

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10
Q

What event provided Gorbachov the ability to meet every leader of the Communist regimes around Europe

A

The funeral of Chernenko

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11
Q

What did Gorbachov tell the leaders of the Soviet regimes across Europe at the funeral of Chernenko?

A

That he would not intervene in their internal events and that they were free to choose their own path of Socialism

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12
Q

How much did the Soviet Union spend annually propping up Communist regimes around the world?

A

$40 billion

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13
Q

Why did Gorbachov refuse to use force?

A

He believed it was morally wrong

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14
Q

What did Gorbachov focus his foreign policy on?

A

Ensuring that the universal values of human rights promoted people’s interests

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15
Q

What was the order of the countries to leave the Soviet Union?

A 
Poland
Hungary
East Germany
Czechoslovakia
Romania
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16
Q

Which political party in Poland were able to beat the Communist Party?

A

‘Solidarity’

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17
Q

What was Gorbachov’s view on Poland leaving the Soviet Union?

A

He supported the Poles deciding their own future and did nothing to stop it

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18
Q

What was the name of the hardline Hungarian leader that was sacked?

A

Janos Kadar

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19
Q

What was the result of hardline Hungarian leader Janos Kadar being sacked?

A

There were elections in Hungary where other political parties were allowed

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20
Q

What caused the GDR to leave the Soviet Union?

A

The ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine sent them into economic turmoil and they fell to the Capitalist West

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21
Q

Which organisation in Czechoslovakia emerged as a platform for getting rid of the Communist government?

A

‘Civic Reform’

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22
Q

Which known playwright and Communist opponent became leader of Czechoslovakia and took them out of the USSR?

A

Vaclav Havel

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23
Q

Who was the last Soviet leader of Romania?

A

Nicolae Ceausescu

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24
Q

What did Nicolae Ceausescu instruct the army to do to demonstrators and what was the result?

A

To open fire on demonstrators but they were not willing to

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25
Q

What happened to Nicolae Ceausescu (final leader of Soviet Romania) as he was forced out of Romania?

A

Forced to flee by helicopter and was captured and executed on Christmas day

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26
Q

By the end of ____, every Pro-Soviet Communist government in Europe was disintigrated

A

1989

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27
Q

What did Pope John Paul II do in 1979?

A

Visited Poland and encouraged those who sought change by saying “do not be afraid”

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28
Q

The declaration of independence of what country was declared illegal by Gorbachov?

A

Lithuania

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29
Q

What did Gorbachov impose on Lithuania as a result of them declaring independence?

A

Economic sanctions

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30
Q

What did Yeltsin declare that caused a harsh spike in Russian nationalism?

A

That laws made in the Russian Parliament were superior to Soviet law

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31
Q

What else did Yeltsin do to stoke the fire and boost Russian Nationalism after declaring that laws made in the Russian Parliament were superior to Soviet law?

A

Brought back the old Russian flag

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32
Q

Give the 3 categories that come under ‘Factors encouraging Nationalism’

A
  • Environmental Concerns
  • Insecurity of local party leaders
  • Culture and Language
33
Q

Why was the environment an encouragement for nationalism from the satellite states?

A

They had been heavily polluted by the Soviet Union’s various industrial projects

34
Q

In which area of the environment were the satellite states most impacted?

A

Soil erosion

35
Q

By how much had the Aral sea in Kazakhstan shrunk?

A

By 90%

36
Q

Why did local party leaders of Russia lend their support to Nationalist opposition?

A

Because they were fearful that they would lose their power from Gorbachov’s reforms

37
Q

1980s USSR population:
___ million Russian
___ million non-Russian

A

1980s USSR population:
145 million Russian
141 million non-Russian

38
Q

Why were some parts of the Soviet Union so Nationalist?

A

Many of them were Muslim groups who had a strong, ingrained sense of identity and cultural heritage

39
Q

Which 2 counties was the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between?

A

Armenia & Azerbaijan

40
Q

Which group of people mostly populated Nagorno-Karabakh?

A

Armenians

41
Q

Why did tensions arise around Nagorno-Karabakh?

A

The people wanted to join Armenia but it was an autonomous region

42
Q

In what year did Nagorno-Karabakh erupt into violence?

A

1988

43
Q

Why did the referendum in Nagorno-Karabakh not solve the issue despite having a large majority?

A

It did not have Soviet permission

44
Q

What did Armenia do to fuel the fire after the Soviets declared the elections had no meaning?

A

Announced it was under their control, causing Russian intervention

45
Q

What did Armenia’s disregard for Soviet authority at Nagorno-Karabakh show?

A

Showed the declining authority of the USSR from their inability to use force

46
Q

How was the declining authority of Russia shown further after Nagorno-Karabakh?

A

Ethnic clashes in:

  • Georgia 1989
  • Kyrgyzstan 1990
  • Moldova vs Turkey
  • Ethnic Romanians vs Ethnic Russians
47
Q

What did the various ethnic clashes around Eastern Europe do to Russian control?

A

Destabilised it but did not pose a direct threat to the Soviet Union as a whole

48
Q

What was the name of the massacre in Georgia?

A

Tbilisi

49
Q

What were Georgian nationalists protesting for in the Tbilisi massacre?

A

Abkhazian minority rights

50
Q

How did the Soviets try to restore order in Tbilisi?

A

Using force

51
Q

How many protestors died as a result of Russian force in Tbilisi?

A

19

52
Q

What was the result of the Tbilisi massacre for Georgian Nationalists?

A

Turned them against the government

53
Q

What was the result of the Tbilisi massacre for the Russian military?

A

They became unwilling to use force

54
Q

How did many people view the Baltic republics such as Lithuania, Armenia and Latvia due to their independence since WW2?

A

As individual states with the Russians as an occupying force

55
Q

What made the Baltic republics harder to control?

A

Had better education and economy

56
Q

What happened in 1988 in all 3 Baltic Republics?

A

Popular fronts established by members of the inteligenista

57
Q

What is the Russian term for ‘movements’ in the context of the Baltic Popular Fronts?

A

Sajudis

58
Q

What 2 things did the Baltic Popular Fronts call for?

A
  • Independence from the USSR

- Protection of their native language and traditions

59
Q

What percentage of the Lithuanian population were Lithuanian?

A

Over 75%

60
Q

The anniversary of what event was used to stage a mass demonstration in 1989?

A

The Nazi-Soviet pact

61
Q

What had the Nazi-Soviet pact previously resulted in?

A

The annexation of the 3 Baltic Republics

62
Q

What was called for at the anniversary demonstration of the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

A conclusion of the annexation of the Baltic Republics

63
Q

What did the protestors do on the anniversary of the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

Held hands in a chain spanning all 3 Republics

64
Q

What did the Popular Fronts in the Baltic Republics do in 1990?

A

Won a majority in elections to the Supreme Soviets

65
Q

Why were the Popular Fronts in the Baltic Republics allowed to win a majority in elections to the Supreme Soviets?

A

Due to the abolition of Article 6

66
Q

Which was the first Baltic Republic to declare independence from the Soviet Union?

A

Lithuania with the other 2 to follow shortly

67
Q

Which 3 countries are the Baltic Republics?

A

Lithuania, Armenia and Latvia

68
Q

What was the Russian government’s reaction to the declaration of independence by the Baltic Republics?

A

Refused to acknowledge it

69
Q

What did the Soviets do when they took action against the declaration of independence by the Baltic Republics?

A

Red Army troops attempted to take over the TV station in Vilnius

70
Q

How many people died when Red Army troops attempted to take over the TV station in Vilnius ?

A

13

71
Q

What did Red Army troops attempting to take over the TV station in Vilnius result in?

A

The start of a bloody civil war

72
Q

What was Gorbachov’s response to the Red Army troops attempting to take over the TV station in Vilnius? (2)

A
  • Denied giving orders to use force and claimed they were the actions of rogue elements in the Red Army
  • Issued a statement saying he would not have prevented the Baltic independence
73
Q

Give the 6 key subheadings to the limits of Nationalism

A
  • Limited experience
  • Already had a degree of autonomous control
  • Republics beneficiaries of Soviet economic investment
  • Loyalty to tribal groupings
  • Role of ethnic Russians
  • Support for the Soviet Union
74
Q

Why did limited experience limit nationalism?

A

The satellite states had apprehension of being independent after so many years as part of the USSR

75
Q

Why did already having a degree of autonomous control limit nationalism?

A

Reduced some opposition to the Soviets

76
Q

Why did the Republics being beneficiaries of Soviet economic investment limit nationalism?

A

Caused their government to want to stay part of the USSR

77
Q

Why did loyalty to tribal groupings limit nationalism?

A

Any wider national identity was superficial to them so there was no desire for independence

78
Q

Why did the role of ethnic Russians limit nationalism?

A

Complicated national resurgence

79
Q

What did the March 1991 referendum show in terms of satellite independence?

A

The vote showed support for maintaining the USSR from all but Georgia and the Baltics

EDEXCEL Russian History (16 decks)

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