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EDEXCEL Russian History > 1.4c How successful was the Soviet government's attempts to improve the provision of education? > Flashcards

1.4c How successful was the Soviet government's attempts to improve the provision of education? Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first man in control of education under the Bolsheviks?

A

Lunachevsky

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2
Q

What was the aim of Lunachevsky in 1917?

A

To provide free, compulsory education for everyone

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3
Q

Why did Lunachevsky fail in trying to provide free education for all?

A

Lack of funding and resources

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4
Q

Under Lunachevsky, there was 1 pencil for every __ children

A

1 pencil for every 60 children

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5
Q

How big were class sizes under Lunachevsky?

A

40+

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6
Q

Why did rural areas benefit in terms of education under Lunachevsky in the mid-1920s?

A

Deportation of teachers in the Great Purge

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7
Q

Number of children in education:

  • 1929 - __ million
  • 1931 - __ million
A

Number of children in education:

  • 1929 - 14 million
  • 1931 - 20 million
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8
Q

During the 1930s, what type of people did education get extended to?

A

Children of ‘Alien Social Elements’ (e.g. bourgeoisie)

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9
Q

In 1934, how many years of primary and secondary education was there?

A

Primary - 4 years

Secondary - 3 years

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10
Q

In 1927, what was the average child’s school attendance in years?

A

2.77

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11
Q

What were the 3 options at the end of secondary education in 1934?

A
  • 2/3 more years of education
  • Vocational programme
  • Work
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12
Q

In the 1980s, what was the education place difference between boys and girls

A

About the same but female attendance declined later on

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13
Q

In the 1980s, what happened to most schools?

A

They specialised

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14
Q

How was the inequality between ethnicities an obstacle to expansion of education?

A

Religious traditions were ingrained and hard to change so a lot of Muslim girls weren’t allowed to go to school

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15
Q

How was the attitudes towards education an obstacle to expansion of education?

A

Many rural communities felt education was a waste of time because they didn’t need the skills

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16
Q

What were Rabfak?

A

Schools set up after the Russian revolution to teach basic literacy and numeracy skills to adults

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17
Q

Who set up Rabfaks?

A

Khrushchev

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18
Q

By 1964, how many people used Rabfaks?

A

2 million

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19
Q

How did the government deal with uneducated adults other than Rabfaks?

A

Diplomas and Degrees

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20
Q

What quota was introduced in 1929 to widen participation in higher education?

A

70% of university places were reserved for for those of working-class origin

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21
Q

How successful was the quota where 70% of university places were reserved for for those of working-class origin?

A

It was only reached once and there was a 70% dropout rate

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22
Q

In what year was the quota for 70% of university places being reserved for for those of working-class origin abolished?

A

1935

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23
Q

In 1964, how many people were studying higher education part time?

A

half a million

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24
Q

What did Khrushchev introduce that was dropped the very same year?

A

All graduates had to spend 2 years working in a position directed by the government ‘to meet the nation’s needs’

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25
Q

By the early 1980s, ___ of people were involved in some sort of education

A

1/3

26
Q

In the last years of the Tsarist regime, what was the illiteracy rate?

A

65%

27
Q

In 1959, what percentage of the urban population were illiterate?

A

9.9%

28
Q

In 1959, what percentage of the rural population were illiterate?

A

98%

29
Q

What were ‘Liquidation Points’?

A

Where people could take basic training literacy courses

30
Q

How many people used ‘Liquidation Points’ between 1920 and 1926?

A

5 million

31
Q

What did all the soldiers in the Red Army have to attend?

A

Literacy classes

32
Q

What was the name of the magazine sold by the Literacy League?

A

Down with illiteracy

33
Q

__ million out of 17 million illiterates were women

A

14 million

34
Q

In 1939 and 1959, what was the urban literacy rate?

A

1939 - 94%

1959 - 99%

35
Q

How did an increase in literacy rates improve production?

A

Allowed more people to work in more roles

36
Q

How did an increase in literacy rates improve the government’s hold on people? (2)

A
  • Allowed them to better understand propaganda

- Reduced the hold of religion and superstition

37
Q

Why were there such dramatic changes in the figures of those who were literate? (2)

A
  • Being literate was defined as something as easy as being able to write your own name
  • Education was made very available to those who wanted it
38
Q

How did education allow the government to increase their hold on people?

A

Indoctrinated support for the Communist regime

39
Q

Define Russification

A

Bringing a sense of unity to different ethnic groups in the name of Russia

40
Q

How did Socialism have an effect on the system of education in place? (2)

A
  • Tests abolished

- Classrooms renamed ‘Laboratories of learning’

41
Q

How did people react to the new system of education? (2)

A
  • Opposition from parents who wanted formal qualifications

- Authority of teachers declined as they started being dismissed by their own classes

42
Q

How did the system of education change during the Cultural Revolution and the Great Retreat? (3)

A
  • Exams reintroduced
  • Authority given to teachers
  • Compulsory pigtails for girls
43
Q

What was the new system based on during the Cultural Revolution and the Great Retreat?

A

Anton Makarenko’s ‘Pedagogical Poem’ that stressed traditional dicipline

44
Q

How effective was the new system of education under Lenin and Stalin?

A

Not very, they had to revert back to the original system due to the lack of teacher’s authority

45
Q

What was the focus of Khrushchev’s changes to education?

A

Made it more vocational

46
Q

Why were Khrushchev’s changes to education’s rejected by the party?

A

They saw them as restricting the availability of academic education for their own children

47
Q

Which leader dropped the most drastic changes to education?

A

Brezhnev

48
Q

Whose ideas were science in schools based upon and why is this significant?

A

Trofim Lysenko - his ideas on plant genetics were wrong

49
Q

Whose approval did the history curriculum require before being taught?

A

Stalin

50
Q

What was the name of the 1938 History textbook?

A

‘History of the all-Union Communist party’

51
Q

What event caused a hurried rewriting of the History curriculum in 1956 and subsequent cancellation of exams?

A

Khrushchev’s De-Stalinisation

52
Q

What happened to the history curriculum after De-Stalinisation?

A

Any favourable mention of Stalin was removed

53
Q

What were history textbooks like under Brezhnev?

A

There was no mention of Stalin

54
Q

What were all students required to learn? (2)

A
  • Russian

- Marxist-Leninist Theory

55
Q

What language was Russian taught in for ethnic minorities?

A

Their native language

56
Q

How were schools that taught in Russian seen as oppose to schools that weren’t?

A

Better

57
Q

Why were literary works in other languages rarely taught?

A

Out of fear of developing nationalist sentiment

58
Q

What could be found in most kindergartens?

A

Shrines of ‘Uncle Lenin’

59
Q

What do surveys show about Marxist-Leninist Theory lessons?

A

It was the most boring part of the curriculum

60
Q

How were boys and girls treated differently in education?

A

They weren’t except for when they were separated during WW2

61
Q

How did the students have authority in their classes?

A

Each class had an elected representative whose job it was to inform the teacher of ant misbehaviour

EDEXCEL Russian History (16 decks)

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