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EDEXCEL Russian History > 1.4b To what extent did the role of women and the family change between 1917 and 1985? > Flashcards

1.4b To what extent did the role of women and the family change between 1917 and 1985? Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the Russian proverb showing how women were treated badly in early Russia

A

“The more you beat your wife, the better your soup will taste”

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2
Q

What did Lenin describe marriage as?

A

A form of slavery

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3
Q

Why did women’s status start to change in the first place?

A

It was forced through war and industrialisation

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4
Q

Why was the change in status of women from the civil war only a short term change?

A

The returning men simply took back their jobs and retained their attitude

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5
Q

What was the name of the women’s branch of the Central Committee that the Bolsheviks introduced called?

A

Zhenotdel

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6
Q

What 3 things did the Bolsheviks push through to improve the status of women

A
  • Divorce made easier
  • Abortion legalised
  • Removed the law saying a woman had to obey her husband
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7
Q

At the women’s congress in 1918, Lenin was cheered for the banning of which derogatory word towards women?

A

Baba

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8
Q

When was the principle for equal pay between men and women introduced?

A

1917

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9
Q

What was declared in the 1918 Soviet Constitution concerning women?

A

That men and women were equal

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10
Q

What percentage of divorces were initiated by men?

A

70%

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11
Q

How many women fought in the Red Army in the Civil War?

A

70,000

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12
Q

How did women in the countryside especially have a rough time?

A

Many men left them to find work in the city and so they were left alone to work the farms

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13
Q

When was Zhenotdel closed and why?

A

1930 because they claimed all women’s issues had been solved

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14
Q

Why did many women in the 1930s work?

A

There was little choice, it was seen as their socialist duty

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15
Q

Number of female workers:
1928 - __ million
1940 - __ million

A

Number of female workers:
1928 - 3 million
1940 - 13 million

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16
Q

Which industries did women dominate?

A

Light industry

Textiles

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17
Q

Parts of what famous structure were built by women? (Mentioned earlier in the course)

A

The Moscow underground

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18
Q

Which woman was used as a role model for all women?

A

Praskovia Angelina - tractor driver

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19
Q

In ____, __% of higher education places were reserved for women

A

1929

20%

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20
Q

By 1940, __% of ______ graduates were women

A

40%

Engineering

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21
Q

What did the ‘Wives of the Soviet Elite’ do?

A

Social work like making curtains or organising workplace productions

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22
Q

Why did women suffer in the countryside during WW2?

A

All of the men and horses were conscription into the army and many never returned

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23
Q

How many women served in the armed forces during WW2?

A

80,000

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24
Q

How many women won the ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’ award?

A

89

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25
Q

What was the ‘double-burden’ put on women after WW2?

A

They were expected to both work and look after the children

26
Q

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev attempt to improve the status of rural women?

A

Healthcare and maternity benefits

Extension of the passport system to allow them to move to the cities

27
Q

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev’s attempt to improve the status of rural women actually hinder some?

A

The passport systems were just used by the men to leave and abandon the women

28
Q

1932-33, women comprise almost ___% of new workers

A

100%

29
Q

How did the Bolsheviks try to break down traditional Islamic attitudes? (2)

A
  • Using female activists who encouraged unveiling

- Explaining contraception and personal hygiene

30
Q

How did the attempts to change the status of Islamic women go?

A

Traditional attitudes were slow to change

31
Q

Give an example of violence against the government trying to change attitudes towards Islamic women

A

A bunch of male Muslim turned up to a Zhenotdel meeting with boiling water and dogs

32
Q

What sometimes happened to Islamic women who refused to wear traditional dresses?

A

Often killed by their families in ‘honour killings’

33
Q

When did the government begin to soften their approach towards changing Islamic attitudes towards women?

A

1930s

34
Q

Who was Alexandra Kollontai?

A

The first woman to become a People’s Commissar

35
Q

Who was Nadezhda Krupskaya?

A

Lenin’s wife and a member of the Central Committee

36
Q

Who was Ekaterina Furtseva?

A

The first woman to become a full member of the Presidium

37
Q

Who was Alexandra Biryukova?

A

A member of the Politburo in 1988

38
Q

Who was Natalia Bessmertnova?

A

A famous ballerina at the Bolshoi Ballet

39
Q

Who was Ludmilla Tourischeva?

A

A 9 time Olympic gold medalist

40
Q

Who was Valentina Tereshkova?

A

The first woman in space

41
Q

Do the few examples of successful Russian women show that the status of women improved?

A

No, they are very rare examples

42
Q

When was the ‘Family Code’ introduced?

A

1918

43
Q

What did the ‘Family Code’ do? (2)

A
  • Made divorce easier

- Remove the hold of the Russian Orthodox Churches hold on family life

44
Q

In what year were marriages and unregistered marriages given equal weight?

A

1927

45
Q

In what year were ‘Postcard Divorces’ introduced?

A

1926

46
Q

In the mid-1920s, the USSR had the highest divorce rate in ______

A

Europe

47
Q

By 1926, __% of all marriages ended in divorce

A

50%

48
Q

What was the ratio of abortions to births?

A

3:1

49
Q

What was the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’?

A

An attempt to raise the status of marriage

50
Q

Because of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’ the cost of divorce rose from __ roubles to __

A

From 4 roubles to 50 roubles

51
Q

Because of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’, maternity leave was extended to how many weeks?

A

16 weeks

52
Q

Because of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’, from 1928-30, the number of creches _______

A

Doubled

53
Q

Because of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’, what happened to men who didn’t pay child support?

A

They received 2 year prison sentences

54
Q

Because of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’, what happened to mothers of over 10 children?

A

They were awarded

55
Q

What was the main downside of the 1936 ‘Great Retreat’?

A

People were forced to stay part of a family when they didn’t want to

56
Q

By 1960, women made up __% of the workforce

A

49%

57
Q

How did Khrushchev reduce the cost of government care for the elderly?

A

Encouraged their use in the family unit for queuing for food and doing housework

58
Q

How did Khrushchev try to reduce the financial strain on families? (2)

A
  • Increased social provisions

- Legalised abortion again

59
Q

Did the change from Khrushchev to Brezhnev have much impact on social policy?

A

Not really

60
Q

In the 1970s, what was the average number of children per family?

A

2.4

61
Q

By 1982, the average Soviet was consuming __ litres of spirit per year

A

18 Litres

62
Q

In 1968, in what case was divorce illegal?

A

If the woman being divorced was preganant

EDEXCEL Russian History (16 decks)

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