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EDEXCEL Russian History > 1.4a How effective was the government in providing social security for the Soviet people between 1917 and 1985? > Flashcards

1.4a How effective was the government in providing social security for the Soviet people between 1917 and 1985? Flashcards

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1
Q

In what year did the Soviet Union reach full employment?

A

1930

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2
Q

Why was full employment still not providing a successful economy?

A

Productivity was very low because there was little incentive to work

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3
Q

The average Soviet worker produced ____ of the average British worker

A

Half

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4
Q

What problems were there around full employment?

A

People kept changing their jobs in search of a better one

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5
Q

Which person was used in a propaganda campaign to improve productivity in the USSR?

A

Alexi Stakhanov who was a coal miner who mined 15x the average

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6
Q

Why did full employment give the USSR a particular ideological advantage over the US?

A

Because they were going through the Wall St Crash at the time

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7
Q

Define Social Policy

A

Any policy that had an impact on the people

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8
Q

How did full employment actually hinder the Soviet people?

A

Trade Unions were removed which removed workers rights and worsened their working conditions

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9
Q

Between 1917-53, how did the government ensure a supply of meat to their workforce?

A

Instructed canteens to keep all rabbits to give to the workforce

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10
Q

In 1930, how did the government provide social benefit in terms of food?

A

Made cheap food available to all

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11
Q

Between 1917-53, how did the government provide social benefit in terms of clothing?

A

Work clothing was made free

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12
Q

Between 1917-53, how did the government provide social benefit in terms of rent?

A

Rent was cheap

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13
Q

Who provided social benefit from 1917-53 when the government wouldn’t?

A

Trade Unions

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14
Q

Give 4 things that Trade Unions did between 1917-53 to provide social benefit through having a break

A
  • Cheap, subsidised State Resorts
  • Allowed 2 weeks paid holiday
  • Organised sports meetings and films
  • Organised sick pay
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15
Q

What was the government’s healthcare social policy effective in dealing with from 1917-53?

A

Containing epidemics

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16
Q

How did the government’s healthcare social policy deal with a serious cholera outbreak from 1917-53?

A

Compulsory vaccination programme set up

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17
Q

Between 1918-20, how many people did lice-spread-typhus kill?

A

6 million people

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18
Q

What was Lenin’s famous quote on the ‘lice-spread-typhus’ epidemic?

A

‘Either lice will defeat Socialism or Socialism will defeat lice”

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19
Q

USSR Hospital Beds:
1928 - ______
1939 - ______

A

USSR Hospital Beds:
1928 - 247,000
1939 - 791,000

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20
Q

Why did the government increase the number of training places to be a doctor during 1917-53?

A

Many doctors had fled or been purged

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21
Q

How many places did the government to train to be a doctor?
1928 - ______
1940 - ______

A

1928 - 70,000

1940 - 155,000

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22
Q

What was much of the progress in healthcare social policy down to?

A

Women training to be doctors

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23
Q

What was done due to the lack of doctors between 1917-53?

A

Sanitary inspectors were given the title of doctor

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24
Q

What was the downside of healthcare social policy for the people?

A

They had no choice in healthcare and still had to pay for it

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25
Q

How was housing allocation decided from 1917-28?

A

Depending on party rank

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26
Q

During the industrialisation years, what did the population of Moscow grow to?
1929 - ___ million
1936 - ___ million

A

1929 - 2.2 million

1936 - 4.1 million

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27
Q

What did the population of Magnitogorsk grow from and to?
1929 - _____
1932 - _____

A

1929 - 25

1932 - 250,000

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28
Q

Why did housing have communal kitchens?

A

To discourage criticism of the state in passive conversation

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29
Q

In 1936, what percentage of people lived in:

  • More than 1 room - __%
  • 1 room - __%
  • A kitchen/Corridor - __%
  • Dorms - __%
A
  • More than 1 room - 6%
  • 1 room - 24%
  • A kitchen/Corridor - 5%
  • Dorms - 25%
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30
Q

During WW2, what percentage of its housing stock did Stalingrad lose?

A

90%

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31
Q

During WW2, what proportion of its housing stock did Leningrad lose?

A

1/3

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32
Q

What was post-war money spent on instead of housing that was needed?

A

An elaborate underground transport system with propaganda murals

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33
Q

What did the government do in 1921 to combat factories not having enough staff?

A

Forced people to take any work offered to them

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34
Q

Define Arteli

A

A group of workers who were paid as a group

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35
Q

Why were the government against the use of Arteli?

A

They thought it was a backward step

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36
Q

When were there especially large proportions of unemployed people?

A

At the end of wars

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37
Q

In 1926, how many people were unemployed?

A

1 million

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38
Q

In what year did ‘Shock-Brigades’ become common?

A

1929

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39
Q

What were ‘Shock-Brigades’?

A

Groups of young Communists who worked on construction projects

40
Q

In what year was employment benefit cancelled?

A

1930

41
Q

What did more established groups of skilled workers do to avoid being replaced?

A

Used discrimination and harassment

42
Q

Why was the ‘Uninterrupted Work’ initiative and 24-hour shifts used?

A

To keep machines running constantly

43
Q

What was done in 1932 to stop workers leaving their jobs in search of better prospects?

A

A passport system through which rations were decided

44
Q

By 1937, what percentage of workers changed their job in each quarter of the year?

A

30%

45
Q

How did the government reward skilled workers and stop them moving jobs?

A

Increased the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers

46
Q

In what year was absenteeism made a criminal offence with an attached prison sentence?

A

1931

47
Q

In what year were ‘Piecework Rates’ introduced?

A

1934

48
Q

What were ‘Piecework Rates’?

A

Where staff were paid according to their output

49
Q

Why was there still little incentive to work, despite pay rising?

A

There was nothing to buy in the shops

50
Q

What was done during WW2 to make up labour shortages?

A

Women were employed

51
Q

Labour camp inmates:
1945 - ___ million
1953 - ___ million

A

Labour camp inmates:
1945 - 1.5 million
1953 - 2.5 million

52
Q

What did the Soviet Constitution of 1977 promise the people?

A

The guarantee of employment

53
Q

Increase in wages from 1967 to 1977 of __%

A

Increase in wages from 1967 to 1977 of 50%

54
Q

Wages differences in 1970 were ___ that of the USA

A

Half

55
Q

By the end of the 1970s, __% of males over 30 were part of the Communist Party

A

20%

56
Q

How did people advance their position through the Nomenklatura system?

A

Promotions gained higher wages and higher status but you needed a sponsor already in the party

57
Q

What was a Sanatoria?

A

A rest home with medical facilites

58
Q

How many rest homes were there in 1978?

A

2,000

59
Q

What were the USSR youth groups for ages:
5-9:
10-14:
15-28:

A

5-9: Octoberists
10-14: Pioneers
15-28: Komsomol

60
Q

In which 3 ways did the USSR try to instill Communist ideals into youth

A
  • Education

- Youth Groups

61
Q

Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, what areas became more wealthy and received more investment?

A

Rural areas

62
Q

By the mid 1970s, the wages of rural workers and urban workers differed by only __%

A

10%

63
Q

In what year was a minimum wage introduced?

A

1956

64
Q

The annual amount of housing space provided by the State increased from:
1950 - ____ million square meters
1961 - ____ million square meters

A

1950 - 178 million square meters

1961 - 394 million square meters

65
Q

What were housing blocks nicknamed as?

A

Khrushchoby - meaning Khrushchev’s slums

66
Q

How was house construction made easier in the 1970s?

A

Built with prefabricated pannels

67
Q

How did Khrushchev improve material benefits?

A

Changes the focus to consumer goods

68
Q

What is the statistic about the 9th FYP?

A

Higher growth rate of consumer goods than of heavy industry

69
Q

Between 1950 and 1980, state spending on welfare increased ______

A

Fivefold

70
Q

In what year was the retirement age lowered?

A

1956

71
Q

In 1956, the pension rate rose higher than _____

A

Wages

72
Q

When did peasants receive a pension?

A

In the Brezhnev era

73
Q

How did an increase in living standards go on to cause mass uprisings?

A

Expectations rose and terror was relaxed

74
Q

In what year was there an uprising in Hungary against the Soviet rule?

A

1956

75
Q

In what year was there Czechoslovakian unrest against Soviet rule?

A

1968

76
Q

In what year were there Polish protests over food prices?

A

1980

77
Q

How was Soviet military intervention avoided in the 1980 Polish protests?

A

The Polish government declared Martial law to prop up the regime

78
Q

In what year was there unrest in Temirtau?

A

1959

79
Q

What happened to cause the 1959 uprisings in Temirtau?

A

A lack of food in the new industrial town and Polish and East German workers were being paid more

80
Q

What was did the protestors in Temirtau do?

A

Burned down the canteen and hanged the local police cheif

81
Q

In what year was the Novocherkassk unrest over food prices?

A

1962

82
Q

Why was there unrest in Novocherkassk? (2)

A

High food prices

Wages went down

83
Q

What was the slogan of the Novocherkassk protests?

A

‘Cut up Khrushchev for sausages’

84
Q

How many people were killed in the Novocherkassk protests?

A

70

85
Q

How did the Soviet government sold the Novocherkassk protest?

A

Extra food supplies were rushed there immediately

86
Q

In what year was there an assassination attempt on Khrushchev by a mentally ill person?

A

1969

87
Q

In what year were there strikes and riots in Sverdlovsk and Kiev over poor housing?

A

1969

88
Q

In what year was the setting up of the ‘Free Trade Union Association’?

A

1977

89
Q

What did the ‘Free Trade Union Association’ of 1977 aim to do?

A

Represent the concerns of the people

90
Q

What happened to the ‘Free Trade Union Association’?

A

They were crushed by the government as their leader was evicted from his flat

91
Q

In what year was a bomb set off in the Moscow Metro?

A

1977

92
Q

How did WW2 have an influence on long-term social unrest?

A

Many fathers were killed and so children grew up without a father figure

93
Q

What was the divorce rate in 1979?

A

340 in every 1000 marriages

94
Q

Between 1940 and 1980, by how much did alcohol consumption rise?

A

600%

95
Q

In 1987, how many alcoholics were there?

A

20 million

96
Q

What did the 1975 ‘Principles of the Soviet State and Law’ course for youths aim to do?

A

Make young Soviets aware of their obligations

97
Q

What were Stilyagi?

A

Gangs of nonconformists who listened to music in protest

EDEXCEL Russian History (16 decks)

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