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EDEXCEL Russian History > 1.5b How significant were the failures of Gorbachov's political reforms? > Flashcards

1.5b How significant were the failures of Gorbachov's political reforms? Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Glasnost?

A

A policy of openness to encourage new ideas and innovation

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2
Q

What did the free speech of Glasnost descend into?

A

Criticism of the party

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3
Q

What 4 main categories did the criticism of the party from Glasnost fall under?

A
  • Housing
  • Stalin’s atrocities
  • Environment
  • Soviet military victories
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4
Q

Which 2 events did people discover had occurred under Stalin through Glasnost?

A
  • Katyn Massacre

- Holodomor

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5
Q

What was the Katyn Massacre?

A

Where 4,000 Polish soldiers were found dead by the Soviets during WW2 and was blamed on the Nazis

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6
Q

Which was the biggest environmental concern for the Soviet people under Glasnost?

A

The Aral Sea

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7
Q

By how much had the Aral Sea shrunk?

A

By 90%

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8
Q

What military victory came under question due to Glasnost?

A

The myth of the ‘Great Patriotic War’ was uncovered by stories of wasted human life

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9
Q

What was it that persuaded Gorbachov to pursue Glasnost?

A

The government’s reaction

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10
Q

Which major disaster epitomises the idiocy of the government in their pursuit of Glasnost?

A

Chernobyl

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11
Q

Which reactor exploded at Chernobyl?

A

4

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12
Q

What did the government order staff to do during the Chernobyl disaster?

A

Leave the other 3 reactors running because they were short on power

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13
Q

What did Glasnost cause in terms of people being more politicised?

A

60,000 groups met to call for political reform

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14
Q

Name the 4 limited attempts at political reform from Gorbachov

A
  • Defining the functions of party and state
  • Shifting power from the party to the Soviets
  • Streamlining the party
  • Clamping down on corruption
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15
Q

Why did the functions of patry and state need to be defined?

A

The Nomenklatura system had previously blurred the lines

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16
Q

When were the functions of party and state defined?

A

During 19th party congress

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17
Q

How did Gorbachov’s role as both General Secretary and President show that the functions of party and state needed to be defined?

A

It mirrored the situation lower down in the party

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18
Q

What 2 things were done to shift power from the party to the Soviets?

A
  • Allocated more funding to the Soviets

- Allowed deputies to stay for 5 years instead of 2

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19
Q

Give the 3 ways in which Gorbachov streamlined the party

A
  • Created 6 new commissions
  • Department of the Central Committee reduced from 20 to 9
  • 5 ministries merged to form one ‘superministry’
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20
Q

In what year were ‘superministries’ introduced to streamline the party and what was their role?

A

1985

To coordinate economic planning

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21
Q

Under Gorbachov’s clampdown on corruption, who was Yuri Churbanov and how long was his sentence?

A

Brezhnev’s son-in-law

12 years

22
Q

Who was Kunayev?

A

The Kazakh leader removed for corruption under Gorbachov’s crackdown on corruption

23
Q

In what year was Kunayev removed?

A

1986

24
Q

Who was Kunayev replaced by?

A

Kolbin

25
Q

Why was the replacement of Kunayev with Kolbin so controversial?

A

Because Kolbin was ethnic and had never before lived in Kazakhstan

26
Q

What happened as a result of the discontent at Kunayev being replaced by Kolbin?

A

The first ethnic strife during Gorbachov’s tenure

27
Q

In what year did Gorbachev discuss the idea of secret ballots for multiple candidates?

A

1987

28
Q

What was announced at 19th party congress?

A

Announced multi-party elections for the Congress of People’s Deputies elections

29
Q

How were the multi-party elections for the Congress of People’s Deputies limited in democratisation?

A
  • 100 candidates nominated by the Communist Party

- Communist party still the only legal party

30
Q

What role did trade unions play in the multi-party elections for the Congress of People’s Deputies?

A

They could give their members a choice of who would have a seat

31
Q

Name one of Gorbachov’s attempts to reform the party

A

Increased party divisions

32
Q

How were reformers alienated by Gorbachov’s attempts to reform the party?

A

They realised that the Communist party would not carry through the desired reforms

33
Q

When were reformers dissatisfaction at Gorbachov’s attempts to reform the party publicly displayed?

A

When Yeltsin and Gorbachov made it clear at the Plenum of the Central Committee in 1987

34
Q

What was it about Gorbachov’s reforms that made Yeltsin publically attack him about it?

A

They were too slow

35
Q

What 2 things happened to Yeltsin after publicly attacking Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform?

A

He was removed from the Politburo and

sacked as First Secretary in Moscow

36
Q

What year did Yeltsin attack Gorbachov?

A

1988

37
Q

What did the alienated conservatives do to attack Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform in 1988?

A

Published a critical letter in ‘Sovetskaya Russia’

38
Q

What 2 things did the conservatives criticise about Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform?

A
  • Undermined Stalin

- Glasnost was demoralisaing

39
Q

At the time of the publishing of the critical article about Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform, where was he?

A

Yugoslavia

40
Q

Who was left in charge in Gorbachov’s absence concerning the critical article about Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform and what action did they take?

A

Ligachev

Used the letter to further attack the pace of reform

41
Q

What was so significant about the conservative alienation of Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform?

A

The criticism was supported by some of his own appointments such as Chebrikov

42
Q

What did Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform create that were banned under Stalin?

A

Factions

43
Q

Why did Gorbachov’s attempts at party reform create factions?

A

Democratisation opened up both sides to appealing for public support

44
Q

What was the name of Yeltsin’s unofficial opposition group?

A

Inter-Regional group

45
Q

What line in Article 6 had allowed the Communists to rule a 1 party state?

A

“the leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system”

46
Q

Who had called for the ending of Article 6 previously? (good luck)

A

Andrei Sokharov

47
Q

In what year and month was Article 6 abolished?

A

March 1990

48
Q

After Article 6 was abolished, what percentage of the vote did opposition gain in Leningrad?

A

60%

49
Q

How was the power vacuum of abolishing Article 6 temporarily filled?

A

Gorbachov was elected President by the Congress of People’s Deputies

50
Q

After the abolition of Article 6, what did Yeltsin dramatically do after winning victory for his party?

A

Resigned from the Communist Party

51
Q

What was the name of Yeltsin’s opposition party?

A

‘Democratic Platform’

EDEXCEL Russian History (16 decks)

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