15 - External features of the brain

Question 1

Where does Caudal refer to?

Answer 1

The inferior side of the brain or the “tail end”.

Question 2

Where does rostral refer to?

Answer 2

The superior side of the brain or “towards the face”.

Question 3

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

Answer 3

The cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem.

Question 4

What is the cerebrum composed of?

Answer 4

The left and right hemispheres

Question 5

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum connected by?

Answer 5

The corpus callosum

Question 6

What is the fissure that separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 6

The deep longitudinal fissure

Question 7

What are the 4 lobes that the cerebrum is split into?

Answer 7

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal

Question 8

What are sulci?

Answer 8

The grooves in the cerebral cortex

Question 9

What are gyri?

Answer 9

The fold in the cerebral cortex

Question 10

What does the central sulci separate?

Answer 10

The frontal and the parietal lobes

Question 11

What does the lateral sulci separate?

Answer 11

The frontal and the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

Question 12

What does the parieto-occipital sulci separate?

Answer 12

The parietal and the occipital lobe

Question 13

Where is the pre-central gyri located?

Answer 13

Directly anterior to the central sucli

Question 14

Where is the post-central gyri located?

Answer 14

Directly posterior to the central sulci

Question 15

What can be found in the post-central gyri?

Answer 15

The primary somatosensory cortex

Question 16

What lies deep within the lateral sulcus?

Answer 16

The Insula (inner part of the cerebrum)

Question 17

What functional areas are located in the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

• The motor area
• The primary motor cortex which is located in the pre-central gyrus

Question 18

What functional areas are located in the parietal lobe?

Answer 18

• The sensory area
• The primary somatosensory cortex which is located in the post-central gyrus

Question 19

What functional areas are located in the occipital lobe?

Answer 19

The visual area

Question 20

What functional areas are located in the temporal lobe?

Answer 20

• The auditory area
• Wernicke’s area which is responsible for the comprehension of speech.

Question 21

What is Broca’s area responsible for and where is it located?

Answer 21

The production of speech and is located in the pre-frontal cortex

Question 22

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 22

A deficit in language production.

Question 23

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 23

• The coordination of movement, motor learning, posture, balance.
• The voluntary cortex is located here.

Question 24

What are folds in the cerebellum known as ?

Answer 24

Folia

Question 25

Where in the skull is the cerebellum located?

Answer 25

In the posterior cranial fossa

Question 26

The vermis...

Answer 26

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Question 27

The primary fissure of the cerebellum...

Answer 27

Separates the inferior and the posterior lobe

Question 28

what are the cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 28

Fibre bundles attaching the cerebellum to the brainstem, they carry input and output to and from the cerebellum.

Question 29

How many peduncles are there in the cerebellum and what are they?

Answer 29

3 - The superior, middle and inferior peduncles

Question 30

What do the different peduncles connect to on the brainstem?

Answer 30

- Superior - Mid-brain - Middle - Pons - Inferior - Medulla

Question 31

Where is the nodule of the cerebellum located?

Answer 31

below the vermis

Question 32

What 3 parts is the cerebellum divided into?

Answer 32

The spinocerebellum, The Cerebrocerebellum, The Vestibulocerebellum.

Question 33

What is the spinocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 33

Proprioceptive input, adapting the body to changing circumstances

Question 34

What is the Cerebrocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 34

the planning of movement and regulating the cerebral cortical motor

Question 35

what is the Vestibulocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 35

- Integrates vestibular into for controlling head and eye movements. - Maintaining balance, spatial oriental and muscle tone.

Question 36

What are the 3 cranial meninges?

Answer 36

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Question 37

Dura Mater...

Answer 37

- The outermost layer of the meninges - Consists of 2 layers - Periosteal and Meningeal - Has numerous infoldings

Question 38

Arachnoid Mater...

Answer 38

- Located deep to the dura mater. - Thin and loosely encloses the brain.

Question 39

Pia Mater...

Answer 39

Cannot be see by the naked eye its adhered to the surface of the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 40

What is the space between the skull and the dura mater?

Answer 40

The epidural or extradural space.

Question 41

What is the space between the dura and arachnoid mater?

Answer 41

The subdural space.

Question 42

What is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

Answer 42

The subarachnoid space.

Question 43

What is the new 4th layer of the meninges known as?

Answer 43

The subarachnoid lymphatic like layer.

Question 44

What does the subarachnoid layer contain?

Answer 44

cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain.

Question 45

What are the ventricles?

Answer 45

Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 46

What is the function of CSF?

Answer 46

- It protects the brain by providing a cushion against trauma. - Provides nutrients to the brain. - It prevents nerves and blood vessels from being pressed against the skull.

Question 47

What are all the components of the vesicular system?

Answer 47

- 2 lateral ventricles - Intraventricular foramen (foramen of monroe) - 3rd ventricle - Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian aqueduct) - 4th ventricle - Medial and lateral apertures - Central canal

Question 48

What is CSF produced by?

Answer 48

The choroid plexus

Question 49

Where does CSF go after circulating around the ventricles?

Answer 49

Its reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space by the arachnoid villi into the venous circulation