15 - External features of the brain Flashcards
Where does Caudal refer to?
The inferior side of the brain or the “tail end”.
Where does rostral refer to?
The superior side of the brain or “towards the face”.
What are the 3 parts of the brain?
The cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem.
What is the cerebrum composed of?
The left and right hemispheres
What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum connected by?
The corpus callosum
What is the fissure that separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?
The deep longitudinal fissure
What are the 4 lobes that the cerebrum is split into?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal
What are sulci?
The grooves in the cerebral cortex
What are gyri?
The fold in the cerebral cortex
What does the central sulci separate?
The frontal and the parietal lobes
What does the lateral sulci separate?
The frontal and the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
What does the parieto-occipital sulci separate?
The parietal and the occipital lobe
Where is the pre-central gyri located?
Directly anterior to the central sucli
Where is the post-central gyri located?
Directly posterior to the central sulci
What can be found in the post-central gyri?
The primary somatosensory cortex
What lies deep within the lateral sulcus?
The Insula (inner part of the cerebrum)
What functional areas are located in the frontal lobe?
- The motor area
- The primary motor cortex which is located in the pre-central gyrus
What functional areas are located in the parietal lobe?
- The sensory area
- The primary somatosensory cortex which is located in the post-central gyrus
What functional areas are located in the occipital lobe?
The visual area
What functional areas are located in the temporal lobe?
- The auditory area
- Wernicke’s area which is responsible for the comprehension of speech.
What is Broca’s area responsible for and where is it located?
The production of speech and is located in the pre-frontal cortex
What is Broca’s aphasia?
A deficit in language production.
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
- The coordination of movement, motor learning, posture, balance.
- The voluntary cortex is located here.
What are folds in the cerebellum known as ?
Folia
Where in the skull is the cerebellum located?
In the posterior cranial fossa
The vermis…
Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
The primary fissure of the cerebellum…
Separates the inferior and the posterior lobe
what are the cerebellar peduncles?
Fibre bundles attaching the cerebellum to the brainstem, they carry input and output to and from the cerebellum.
How many peduncles are there in the cerebellum and what are they?
3 - The superior, middle and inferior peduncles
What do the different peduncles connect to on the brainstem?
- Superior - Mid-brain
- Middle - Pons
- Inferior - Medulla
Where is the nodule of the cerebellum located?
below the vermis
What 3 parts is the cerebellum divided into?
The spinocerebellum, The Cerebrocerebellum, The Vestibulocerebellum.
What is the spinocerebellum responsible for?
Proprioceptive input, adapting the body to changing circumstances
What is the Cerebrocerebellum responsible for?
the planning of movement and regulating the cerebral cortical motor
what is the Vestibulocerebellum responsible for?
- Integrates vestibular into for controlling head and eye movements.
- Maintaining balance, spatial oriental and muscle tone.
What are the 3 cranial meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and the pia mater
Dura Mater…
- The outermost layer of the meninges
- Consists of 2 layers - Periosteal and Meningeal
- Has numerous infoldings
Arachnoid Mater…
- Located deep to the dura mater.
- Thin and loosely encloses the brain.
Pia Mater…
Cannot be see by the naked eye its adhered to the surface of the brain and the spinal cord.
What is the space between the skull and the dura mater?
The epidural or extradural space.
What is the space between the dura and arachnoid mater?
The subdural space.
What is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater?
The subarachnoid space.
What is the new 4th layer of the meninges known as?
The subarachnoid lymphatic like layer.
What does the subarachnoid layer contain?
cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain.
What are the ventricles?
Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What is the function of CSF?
- It protects the brain by providing a cushion against trauma.
- Provides nutrients to the brain.
- It prevents nerves and blood vessels from being pressed against the skull.
What are all the components of the vesicular system?
- 2 lateral ventricles
- Intraventricular foramen (foramen of monroe)
- 3rd ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian aqueduct)
- 4th ventricle
- Medial and lateral apertures
- Central canal
What is CSF produced by?
The choroid plexus
Where does CSF go after circulating around the ventricles?
Its reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space by the arachnoid villi into the venous circulation
