1.5 Cell Structure and Function - Pt. 2-3 Flashcards
Cells spend 90% of their existence in this phase…
Interphase
Interphase consists of these three parts…
G1, S, G2
Is the ordinary, everyday growth, activity, or repair of the cell…
G1
The DNA replicates or is synthesized during this phase…
S
The cell and organelles mainly enlarge or replicate…
G2
“Nucleus division” (First divide the DNA; then secondly the cytoplasm) Has four parts…
Mitosis
Mitosis has these four parts…
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Nuclear envelope is broken down and rearranged to make the spindle apparatus. The chromatin condenses to form “X” shaped chromosomes. Centrioles move toward the poles. (In animal cells only…plants use the cell wall)…
Prophase
The replicated chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate (Middle of cell). The spindle apparatus attaches to the kinetochore (a part of the centromere) and
centrioles (the anchors)…
Metaphase
Replicated chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids and each chromatid moves toward opposite ends of the cell. The spindle apparatus is being broken down as the two sister chromatids are “walked” toward the poles by the motor protein using ATP…
Anaphase
The nuclear envelope is rebuilt by using broken down spindle apparatus pieces. The chromatids begin to decondense back to their chromatin state…
Telophase
The division of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm and cell organelles are separated to produce two daughter cells….
Cytokinesis
The cells are tired and take a brief break and rest…
G0 (Zero growth phase)
These structures are formed from the broken down cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope. The construction starts at the centrosome and works toward the chromosomes. They attach to the replicated chromosomes. Motor Protein “walks” the sister chromatids toward the opposite ends using ATP by phosphorylation. Non-kinetochore spindles are used to “push” the poles farther apart to help produce the cleavage furrow…
Spindle Apparatus
The new cell wall develops, using small segments of cellulose, instead of a cleavage furrow…
Cell Plate
The process of Reproduction/Replication in prokaryotes (bacteria)…
Binary Fission
Crucial for normal growth and development, varies for each different type of cell, is controlled by molecules called Cyclins…
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Regulation of the Cell Cycle has how many check points?
Three
No checkpoints exist within _______ , so there is no density-dependent inhibition…
Cancerous cells
Abnormal growth…
Tumor
starts with transformation of the DNA (mutation) in a cell…
Cancer
Two main types of cancer are…
Benign and Malignant
Type of cancer, usually not deadly. Easy to cure by removal of the tumor…
Benign
It can be deadly. Normally treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery…
Malignant
