14 2 b aplastic anaemia

Question 1

Aplastic Anaemia

Answer 1

§ Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells
o Pancytopenia (decrease in all blood cell types)

Question 2

§ 2 Major Types

Aplastic Anaemia

Answer 2

◦ Congenital - Chromosomal alterations
l◦ Acquired - Results from exposure to ionising radiation, chemotherapy, viral and bacterial
infections (HIV, EBV), autoimmune disease

Question 3

§ Failure of kidneys to produce erythropoietin

Answer 3

(anaemia secondary to kidney

disease

Question 4

Aplastic Anaemia: Signs and Symptoms

Answer 4

Abrupt or gradual development
Diagnosis confirmed by laboratory studies
Symptoms caused by suppression of any or all bone 
marrow elements
General signs and symptoms of anaemia
◦ Fatigue, dyspnoea
◦ Cardiovascular and cerebral responses
◦ Neutropenia

Question 5

Aplastic Anaemia

Nursing & Multidisciplinary Management

Answer 5

§ Identify and remove causative agent
§ Provide supportive care until pancytopenia reverses.
§ Prevent complications from infection.
§ Prevent haemorrhage.
§ Prognosis of severe untreated aplastic Anaemia is poor.
§ Treatment options
◦ Immune therapies and bone marrow transplantation can be
curative.

Question 6

Post haemorrhagic anaemia types

Answer 6

Anaemia resulting from blood loss may be caused by either acute or chronic
problems.
◦ Acute blood loss occurs as a result of sudden haemorrhage (PPH).
◦ The sources of chronic blood loss are similar to those of iron-deficiency
anaemia

Question 7

Signs and symptoms

Post haemorrhagic anaemia

Answer 7

◦ Caused by the body’s attempts to maintain adequate blood volume and meet
oxygen requirements

Question 8

Multidisciplinary Care Post haemorrhagic anaemia

Answer 8

§ Replacing blood volume to prevent shock
§ Identifying the source of the haemorrhage and stopping blood loss
§ Correcting RBC loss 
§ Providing supplemental iron
§ Postoperative patients
§ Monitor blood loss.
§ Administer blood products for anaemia.
§ No need for long-term treatment

Question 9

Haemolytic Anaemia’s
§ Specific signs and symptoms including
r

Answer 9

§ Destruction or haemolysis of RBC’s at a rate that exceeds production
◦ Caused by pro§ Maintenance of renal function is a major focus of treatment.blems intrinsic or extrinsic to the RBC’s

Question 10

Haemolytic Anaemia’s

§ Specific signs and symptoms including

Answer 10

◦Jaundice

◦ Enlargement of the spleen and live

Question 11

Haemolytic (malarial) anaemia

Answer 11

§ Highest prevalence of anaemia is in LMIC’s
§ 40% of worlds population exposed to malaria
§ Falciparum malaria causes destruction of erythrocytes

Question 12

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 12

Group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders
◦ Genetic disorder usually identified in infancy or early childhood, predominant
in African American/African populations
◦ Incurable and often fatal

Question 13

Sickle Cell Disease signs

Answer 13

◦ Characterised by the presence of an abnormal form of Hb, causes the RBC to
stiffen and elongate
◦ Erythrocytes take on sickle cell shape in response to ↓ O2 levels.