Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

JG Year 1 > 139 Influenza > Flashcards

139 Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phenotype model for frailty?

A 
Five variables - 3 or more = frail
W/L
Self reported exhaustion
Low energy
Slow gait
Weak grip strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cumulative deficit model of frailty?

A

92 variables of symptoms + signs + lab results.

Frailty index calculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meant by the term ‘medical futility’?

A

Interventions that are unlikely to produce any significant benefit for the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meant by the term quantitative medical futility?

A

The consultant is the expert in balancing the benefits and burdens of the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by the term qualitative medical futility?

A

The pt is the ‘expert’ in balancing the benefits and burdens of the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ‘error’ theory of ageing?

A

Accumulation of errors in the process of information flow from genes to proteins resulting in faulty proteins that do not function normally resulting in impaired cell function and death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ‘free-radical’ theory of ageing?

A

Ageing is due to cells accumulating damage from free radicals over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the immune theory of ageing?

A

Gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by natural age advancement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by ‘neuroendocrine theory of ageing’?

A

That ageing is caused by a progressive loss of sensitivity by the hypothalamus and related structures in the brain to negative feedback inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does stiffening of the walls of the vessels along with increased vascular resistance in the elderly lead to?

A

Hypertension –> left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What could the reduction of atrial pacemaker cells in the elderly lead to?

A

AF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do the elderly often get postural hypotension?

A

Their veins are stiffer and so are less able to buffer the effect of pooling of the blood in the venous system - unable to shift the fluid back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What percentage of brain mass is lost by age 80?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the outcome of a loss of baroreceptor sensitivity in the elderly?

A

They are less able to cope with abrupt changes in physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Age related hearing loss - most marked at higher frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is enophthalmos?

A

Posterior displacement of the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What change happens to the basement membrane in the glomerulus in the elderly? Leading to…?

A

Becomes more permeable –> albuminuria and proteinuria is a normal finding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of epithelium does the uroepithelium change into during ageing?

A

Stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which factors contribute to reduced food intake and impaired mastication in the elderly? (7 listed)

A 
Reduced saliva production
Masticatory muscle loss
Tooth loss and poor dental hygiene 
Decrease in taste buds and therefore sensation
Decrease in sense of smell
Atrophy of jaw
Tongue enlargement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical features of delerium? (7 listed)

A 
Impaired consciousness
Disorientation
Behaviour changes
Slowed thinking
Altered perceptions - visual hallucinations
Mood disturbances
Memory impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can increased serum ADH in the elderly lead to?

A

Chronic hyponatraemia

22
Q

Why are the elderly more likely to suffer from hypothermia?

A

Impaired shivering
Impaired cutaneous vasoconstriction
Impaired hepatic thermogenesis

23
Q

Achlorhydria occurs in the elderly. What is it and why is it a problem?

A

Reduction in stomach acid production

Affects the absorption of drugs

24
Q

Why is there a decrease in first pass metabolism in the elderly?

A

Partly due to decreased hepatic blood flow

25
Q

What happens to the proportion of body fat with age?

A

Increases

26
Q

What is the risk of an increased proportion of body fat with age? (pharmacokinetics)

A

Increased distribution of hydrophilic drugs

27
Q

Why might elderly patients appear to have a normal serum creatinine when they have renal impairment?

A

They have a decreased muscle mass

28
Q

What does the Cockroft- Gault equation calculate?

A

Creatinine clearance

29
Q

What is xanthopsia?

A

Yellow vision

30
Q

What is the principal infection caused by rotavirus? Enveloped/non-enveloped?

A

Gastroenteritis in children

Non- enveloped

31
Q

Does influenza have DNA or RNA?

A

-ssRNA

32
Q

Does HSV have RNA/DNA?

A

dsDNA

33
Q

What are the stages in the life cycle of a virus?

A 
Attachment
Penetration and uncoating
Replication
Assembly
Maturation
Release
34
Q

How are herpes and poxvirus able to infect more than one type of host cell?

A

They use more than one type of cell

35
Q

What are the 3 methods of viral penetration?

A
  1. Viral translocation
  2. Surface fusion
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
36
Q

How and why does the virus containing endosome become more acidic?

A

Fusion with cellular lysosomes and H+ pumped into the endosome. Conformational change –> viral coat fuses with membrane of the endosome –>viral genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell

37
Q

Which enzyme is needed for viral RNA replication (usually taken into host by the virus)?

A

RNA polymerase

Although -ssRNA viruses can act as mRNA –> RNA polymerases =first things to be made

38
Q

Where in the host cell are the viral proteins necessary for capsid assembly anchored?

A

In the internal membranes of the organelles of the host cells

39
Q

What causes lysis of a host cell infected with a virus?

A

Normal functions of a cell not met

40
Q

Which virus has an RNA genome but replicates in the nucleus and not the cytoplasm of its host cell?

A

Influenza

41
Q

Why does HSV make its own enzymes for DNA replication instead of using the hosts?

A

Allows a faster replication when the host cells are ‘resting’

42
Q

What is the MOA of immunoglobulins when treating eg rabies/VSV/HepB?

A

Block the attachment of viruses to host cells by attaching to the viral structures which are necessary for this.

43
Q

What is the MOA of the antiviral Palivizumab? What is it used to treat?

A

Blocks the attachment of the virus to host cell by binding to the fusion GP on RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

44
Q

What is the MOA of the antiviral amantadine? What is it used to treat?

A

Prophylactic Tx of influenza - interferes with viral protein M2 (proton pump) –>acidification of the endosome doesn’t happen.

45
Q

Which step in the lifecycle of a virus does aciclovir interfere with?

A

Replication

46
Q

How does the antiviral aciclovir interfere with replication of HSV/VZV virus?

A

Structurally similar to guanisine so incorporated into the viral DNA and prevents replication downstream

47
Q

What is the antviral gancyclovir used to treat?

A

CMV pneumonias in immunocompromised patients

48
Q

What are the SE of the antiviral gancyclovir?

A 
neutropaenia
anaemia
thrombocytopaenia
leucopaenia
pancytopaenia
diarrhoea, dyspnoea, damage to liver/kideys
tremor
49
Q

Which step in the lifecycle of a virus does oseltamivir inhibit?

A

Release

50
Q

What is the MOA of the antiviral oseltamivir?

A

Inhibits viral neuramindase - required for budding and release of the virus

51
Q

What are the side effects of the antiviral oseltamivir?

A

nausea, headache, cough, abdo pain

52
Q

When should oseltamivir be given?

A

Within 48 hours of symptoms only when high rates in the community

JG Year 1 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions