138 Testicular lump and bone pain Flashcards
What is the cause of 95% of testicular germ cell tumours?
seminomas
What are the RF for testicular cancer?
(5 listed)
- cryptorchidism
- testicular atrophy
- inguinal hernia
- hydrocoele
- abnormal testicular development
In which generation is testicular cancer more prevalent?
Younger males
Which geographical areas are more susceptible to get testicular Ca?
- Northern Europe
- Isreal
- Maori
What clinical presentation would be a strong indicator to examine the testes when suspecting testicular Ca?
Gyneacomastia
Which genes are associated with testicular Ca?
- RB
- p53
What does CIS of testes look like clinically? What happens with time?
Flat lesions –> solid metastatic disease
Which investigations should be performed when suspecting testicular Ca?
(3 listed)
- scrotal USS
- MRI
- Bloods
- α fetoprotein
- β hCG
- LDH
What are the risks of an orchidectomy?
- infertility
- hypogonadism
What is the management of Stage 1 seminoma?
(3 choices listed)
- adjuvant RTx
- adjuvant chemo –> 2 courses of carboplatin
- surveillance
What is the best option for treatment of a non-seminomatous germ cell tumour which doesn’t have vascular invasion?
2 cycles of chemo
What percentage of males will have microscopic prostate disease at 50yrs?
30%
What percentage of men will have microscopic prostate disease at 80yrs?
70%
What is the lifetime risk of developing prostate Ca?
30%
What is the lifetime risk of dying from prostate cancer?
3%
Which gene in the FH would dramatically increase the risk of a man developing prostate Ca?
BRCA1 in mother
Which protein is used as a tumour marker to detect germ cell tumours but is not produced by seminomas?
α- feto protein
Which tumour marker is produced by both seminomas and non-seminomas?
β-hCG
Which tumours are usually benign?
- intratesticular
- extratesticular
extratesticular
Which race are at higher risk of developing prostate Ca in UK?
Black males
On which side are varicocoele’s most commonly found?
- left –> left tesicular vein drains into the left renal vein whereas the right drains into the IVC
Which lymph nodes are involved in testicular cancer?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Which lymph nodes are involved with advanced penile cancer?
Inguinal lymph nodes
Which chromosome is PSA associated with?
Chromosome 19
