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JG Year 1 > 124 - Vaccination > Flashcards

124 - Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are the progenitors for all other blood cells?

A

Haemocytoblasts

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2
Q

Where does pre-natal haematopoesis happen?

(5 listed)

A
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • AGM region (dorsum of developing aorta)
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3
Q

Which protein is important for directing megakaryocyte down the platelet differentiate pathway?

A

Thrombopoietin

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4
Q

Which hormone is important in directing megakaryocyte down the pathway to become a RBC?

A

EPO

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5
Q

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • dendritic cells
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6
Q

Which immunoglobulin is important in immunity against allergens?

A

IgE

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7
Q

Which gene segments of germline DNA contribute to the light chain of an Ig?

A

V + J gene segments

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8
Q

Which gene segments of germline DNA contribute to the heavy chain of an Ig?

A

V + J + D segments

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9
Q

What are the 2 subunits of T-cell receptor?

A

α and β

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10
Q

Which has a stronger interaction with antigens?

  • antibodies
  • T-cell receptors
A

Antibodies

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11
Q

Name 3 functions of antibodies

(5 listed)

A
  • osponisation
  • complement activation
  • ADCC (antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)
  • agglutination
  • neutralisation
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12
Q

Name 3 types of antigen presenting cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • mecrophages
  • B-lymphocytes
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13
Q

Which MHC class do CD4+ cells recognise and bind to?

A

MHC class II

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14
Q

What type of cells are CD4+ cells?

  • T regulatory cells
  • T cytotoxic cells
A

T regulatory cells

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15
Q

What type of cells are CD8+ cells?

  • T regulatory cells
  • T cytotoxic cells
A

T cytotoxic cells

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16
Q

Which MHC class do CD8+cells recognise and bind to?

A

MHC class I

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17
Q

Which cells stimulate a cellular immune response?

  • Th1
  • Th2

(both are CD4+cells)

A

Th1

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18
Q

Which cells stimulate a humoral immune response i.e. activation of B cells?

  • Th1
  • Th2

(both are CD4+)

A

Th2

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19
Q

What is anergy?

A

Inactivation of cells which recognises ‘self’ antigens

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20
Q

Which Ig do immature B cells present?

A

IgG

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21
Q

Which 2 Ig’s do mature B cells have on their cell surface?

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
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22
Q

What percentage of the naive B ccells enter the lymph nodes from the bone marrow? (as opposed to the spleen)

A

~40%

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23
Q

What do B cells have to traverse to enter lymphnodes?

A

HEV’s

(high endothelial venules)

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24
Q

What effect do the cytokines CCL19 and CCL21 have on B cells close to lymph nodes?

A
  • attracts them to the HEVs
  • produced by the stromal cells within the lymphnodes
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25
Q

CXCL13 are produced by follicular sendritic cells - where are these cells found and what are they aiming to attract?

A

B cells into the primary follicles in the lymoh nodes

26
Q

What effect does BAFF have on B cells?

A

Folicular dendritic cells need regular stimulation from BAFF so that B cells dont die by apoptosis

27
Q

Describe the process following B cells encountering an antigen

A
  • B cells engulf the antigen
  • display pieces of the antigen on their MHC class II
  • migration to the boundary of the cortex and paracortex withiing the lymphnode/spleen
28
Q

Where does clonal expansion of B cells begin?

A

In the dark zone of the germinal centres (spleen/lymph nodes)

29
Q

What does somatic hypermutation of the B cells produce?

A

Clones with slightly stronger/weaker antigen binding capacity

30
Q

Where are the B cells situated in the process of clonal expansion when they are expressing antigens again?

A

In the basal light zone

31
Q

What is produced by the FDCs which sends a ‘survive’ signal to the B cells?

A

Cytokines

32
Q

What process makes centrocytes develop into memory B cells?

A

Interaction with Th cells

33
Q

What organelle are plasma cells abundent in to allow production of lots of antibodies?

A

RER

34
Q

What does CD154 of a Th cell bind to on a B cell?

A

CD40

35
Q

What does B7RP on the surface of a B cell bind to on a Th cell?

A

ICOS (Inducible T-cell COStimulator)

36
Q

Which metabolite does S mutans produce?

A

Lactic acid

37
Q

Which cell do LPS and LBP interact with?

(can lead to endotoxic shock)

A
  • macrophages
38
Q

What can endotoxic shock lead to?

(3 listed)

A
  • DIC
  • ARDS
  • MOSF
39
Q

What do type 1 endotoxins act on?

(give 1 example)

A
  • act on membrane of host cell
  • interferes with signal transduction

e.g. *E.coli *produces heat stable enterotoxin

  • increase of intracellular cAMP
  • increase of intracellular Ca2+
  • –> electrolyte loss and diarrhoea
40
Q

Super antigens are Type 1 exotoxins. How do they cause damage to the host?

A
  • cause hyperstimulation of immune response
  • act like glue which sticks MHC class II and Th cells together
41
Q

Which type of exotoxins form pores in the host cells?

A

Type 2 - membrane disrupting

42
Q

Which exotoxin does Clostrium spp. produce to disrupt the membrane of host cells?

A

Phospholipase C

43
Q

How much does the Type 3 exotoxin ‘A-B’ damage host cells?

A
  • acts intracellularly
    • B –> mediates receptor endocytosis
    • A can then act enzymatically against intracellular target
44
Q

What 4 things make up the T receptor complex?

A
  • CD3
  • CD34
  • B7-1
  • TCR
45
Q

Which cytokine do Tcells secrete to self stimulate when they interact with dendritic cells?

A

IL-2

46
Q

Which 2 cytokines are produced by proliferating T cells to promote antigen presenting and unregulating MHC in infected cells

A
  • INF-λ
  • IL-4
47
Q

What do perforins do to pathogenic cells?

(released by cytotoxic T cells)

A

Make holes in the cell membranes

48
Q

What to granzymes do to pathogenic cells?

(produced by cytotoxic T cells)

A

Induce apoptosis in affected cells

49
Q

CD4 + ___ → CD4+ Th1 type

(*hint* = cytokine)

A

IL-12

50
Q

CD4++ ____ → CD4+ Th2 type

(*hint* = cytokine)

A

IL-4

51
Q

Which cytokine do Th1 type CD4+ cells secrete to make macrophages more phagocytic?

A

INF-λ

52
Q

Which cytokine do Th-2 type CD4+ cells secrete which is involved in AB response?

A

IL-4

53
Q

Which vaccine exploits linked recognition in order to produce an AB response?

A

Hibconjugate vaccine

54
Q

What effect does tetanus toxoid protein produce in the body?

(part of Hib vaccine)

A

Promotes T cell response

55
Q

Which of the following is a live vaccine?

  • Hep B
  • MenC
  • MMR
A

MMR

56
Q

What type of vaccine is Varicella Zoster?

A

Immunoglobulin

57
Q

Which 2 forms of vaccine can be given against influenza?

A
  • Live vaccine
  • Inactivated vaccine
58
Q

What is DTaP?

A
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Acellular pertussis
59
Q

What dose of oral steroid in contraindicated in giving live vaccinations?

A

2mg/kg/day

60
Q

Why is pregnancy a contraindication for giving live vaccinations?

A

Risk of foetal infection

61
Q

What is an absolute contraindication for a vaccination?

A

Previous anaphylaxis to component of a vaccine

JG Year 1 (27 decks)

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