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JG Year 1 > 111 Obesity > Flashcards

111 Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer does the GIT derive from?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

Which part of the GIT do the liver and biliary system develop from?

A

Foregut

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3
Q

What does the dorsal mesentary develop into?

(4 listed)

A
  • Greater omentum
  • mesoduoderm
  • dorsal mesoderm
  • mesentary proper of the jejunum and ilium
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4
Q

In which week of development has the oesophagus reached its finial relative length?

A

Week 7

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5
Q

What is the name of the process in development by which cells which previously fill the lumen of the developing GIT die away?

A

Re-canalisation

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6
Q

In which week of development does the liver start to bud off the ventral foregut?

A

Week 3

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7
Q

What is the function of the liver in-utero?

A

Haematopoiesis

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8
Q

In which week of development does the primitive pancreas start secreting insulin?

A

Week 5

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9
Q

In which week of development does the primitive pancreas start secreting glucagon?

A

Week 15

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10
Q

Which artery does the midgut rotate around in the extra-embryonic cavity?

A

SMA

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11
Q

Which structure develops into the umbilical vessel?

A

Allantois

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12
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Terminal part of the hindgut

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13
Q

Name the 2 spaces the urorectal septum splits the cloaca into

A

Urogenital sinus (vetrally)

Rectum and anal canal (dorsally)

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14
Q

In which weeks of development does the cloacal membrane rupture?

A

Weeks 4-7

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15
Q

What is the name of the line which separates the superior 2/3rds and the inferior 1/3 of the anal canal? (change from endothelium to epithelium)

A

Pectinate line

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16
Q

Which 3 nuclei of the hypothalamus are important in appetite regulation?

A
  • arcuate nucleus
  • ventromedial
  • lateral
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17
Q

Which nucleus is active when there is an increase in blood glucose?

A

ventromedial of hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A
  • usually involved in stimulating appetite after decrease in blood glu
  • in lesion = weight loss as no hunger
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19
Q

Which adipostat is produced by adipose tissue and is detected in the blood by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Leptin

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20
Q

Which gene codes for leptin?

A

Obgene

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21
Q

What kind of peptides are CART and αMSH?

  • anorexigenic
  • orexigenic

How do they affect feeding?

A
  • anorexigenic
  • inhibit feeding
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22
Q

What kind of peptides are NPY and AgRP?

  • anorexigenic
  • orexigenic

How do they affect feeding?

A
  • orexigenic
  • activate feeding behaviour
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23
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of anorexigenic peptides from the arcuate nucleus?

24
Q

Where and when is ghrelin produced?

A

Produced by the stomach before meals

25
Which cranial nerve is stimulated bu distention of the stomach and by secretion of CCK?
Vagus
26
Which NT is released just before and during a meal?
Serotonin
27
What \*was sibutramine used to treat?
* Obesity - NA and 5HT uptake inhibitor. * withdrawn due to CVS effects
28
Which 2 peptides involved in appetite regulation act on the MC4 receptor?
* αMSH --\> binds and inhibits feeding behaviour * AgRB --\> blocks receptor to promote feeding behaviour
29
Which gene is mutated in the most common genetic cause of obesity?
MC4R
30
What is the MOA of anandamide in the treatment of obesity?
Inhibits NT release
31
What percentage of the energy required in a day should come from proteins?
15%
32
What percentage of the energy required in a day should come from carbohydrates?
47%
33
What percentage of the energy required in a day should come from lipids?
38%
34
What is produced from the metabolism of FAs?
Ketone bodies
35
What is the end-product in the hydrolysis of sucrose?
fructose
36
What is the end-product in the hydrolysis of lactose?
Galactose
37
Name 4 glucose dependent tissues/cells
* RBCs * lymphocytes * brain * skeletal muscle in severe excercise
38
Name 4 FA dependent tissues
* liver * kidney cortex * cardiac muscle * skeletal muscle
39
Name 4 ketone body dependent tissues
* brain (during starvation) * kidney cortex * cardiac muscle * skeletal muscle
40
Which term describes the energy requirement by an awake person during physical, digestive and emotional rest?
Basal metabolic rate
41
How is BMR calculated?
= wt (kg) x 24kcal/day
42
What percentage of the body's protein can be used without causing damage?
20% (\>40% causes damage)
43
Which 4 factors = metabolic syndrome?
* obesity * DM II * HTN * microalbuminuria
44
Name 3 rare causes of obesity | (5 listed)
* hypothyroidism * lucocorticoid excess * hypothalamic dysfunction * GH deficiency * Prader-Willi syndrome
45
What is GLP-1 usually used to treat but also shown a role in the treatment of obesity?
DM II
46
What is the MOA of GLP-1 in obesity?
* Decraeses gastric emptying and increases satiety in the hypothalamus * upregulates intracellular cAMP resulting in the release of insulin given elevated blood glucose concentrations * decreases secretion of glucagon
47
What is the MOA of the exenamide? | (used in the treatment of obesity)
* glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist * promotes satiety via the hypothalamic receptors * augments the pancreas' secretion in response to food
48
What is the MOA of liraglutide? | (used in the treatment of obesity)
GLP-1 agonist
49
Name the 3 categories of bariatric surgery
* restrictive * malabsorptive * combined
50
What is the process in LAGB? (laprascopic adjustable gastric banding)
* band placed around the cardia of the stomach * limits the amount of food which can enter - restrictive * port placed on the sternum - links to the band * saline injected into the band to reduce the size of the opening
51
What are thr risks associated with LAGB? 4 listed (laprascopic adjustable gastric band)
* port site erosion * erosion of the band * infection of port site * slip of the band
52
Which category of gastric surgery does a sleeve gastrectomy fit into?
restrictive
53
Why are patients who have a sleeve gastrectomy less hungry post op?
Ghrelin found in the fundus of the stomach which promotes feelings of hunger --\> removed
54
What does BPD with DS mean?
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switching
55
What dietary advice is given to pts whi have BPD with DS?
High protein diet needed as it's a malabsorptie procedure
56
Why would pts need to take Vit D supplements following gastric surgery?
When pts have BPD there is malabsorption of VitD --\> can develop anaemia and OP
57
What is LRYGB?
Lap Roux en y gastric bypass

JG Year 1 (27 decks)

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