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JG Year 1 > 108 Normal Child and 121 Growth faltering > Flashcards

108 Normal Child and 121 Growth faltering Flashcards

1
Q

What respiratory adaptation happens at birth?

A
  • fluid resorbed by type 1 pneumocytes
  • through stimulation from catecholamines and prostaglandins
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2
Q

What causes the ductus arteriosus to constrict during the 1st few minutes of life?

A
  • O2 in the blood from ventilation
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3
Q

What is the effect of the first breath after birth on pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

Reduces it

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4
Q

What does the increase in pulmonary venous return and increase in atrial pressure cause in infants just after birth?

A
  • closure of foramen ovale
  • septum primum presses against septum secondum
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory distress in the newborn?

(6 listed)

A
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
  • chest wall recession
  • nasal flaring
  • expiratory grunting
  • cyanosis
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6
Q

Where in the newborn is brown fat found?

A
  • lower posterior neck
  • supraclavicular region
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7
Q

What is brown fat rich in and what is the significance of this?

A
  • triglycerides
  • FFA oxidation by mitochondria –> heat
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8
Q

What 3 things can result from babies getting cold?

A
  • hypogycaemia
  • respiratory distress
  • surfactant deactivation
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9
Q

Where is glycogen found in neonates?

(unlike any other time of life)

A

Heart

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10
Q

What are the 3 metabolic adaptations of a baby at birth?

A
  • decrease in plasma concentration of insulin
  • increase in catecholamines
  • increase in pancreatic glucagon release
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11
Q

What is acrocyanosis?

A

Dusky blue appearance of peripheries

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12
Q

Why is vitamin K given at birth?

A
  • helps with clotting
  • some babies are born with Vit K deficiency
  • danger of bleeding
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13
Q

What does the low activity of glucuroninsultransferase cause in the first few days of life?

A

Physiological jaundice

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14
Q

What is the normal HR of a newborn?

A

110-150 bpm

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15
Q

What is the normal BP of a newborn?

A

65/40mmHg

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16
Q

What is the average hea circumference of a newborn?

A

35cm

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17
Q

What is the average weight of a newborn?

A

3.5kg

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18
Q

Which 2 hormones are essential for growth?

A
  • GH
  • TH
19
Q

Which hormones are stimulated by the ovaries and testes?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
20
Q

What percentage of growth happens in the foetal phase?

A

30%

21
Q

What percentage of growth happens in the infantile phase?

A

15%

22
Q

What percentage of growth happens in the childhood phase?

A

40%

23
Q

What percentage of growth happens in the pubertal phase?

A

15%

24
Q

Which 2 things are important for the foetal stage of growth?

A
  • maternal nutrition
  • placenta
25
Q

Which 2 hormones are important in childhood?

A
  • GH
  • TH
26
Q

When are androgens secreted?

A
  • 6-8 years
  • promote axillary and pubic hair growth
27
Q

When and where is there an increase in the release of GTRH?

A

Nocturnally secreted from the hypothalamus- gonadarche

28
Q
  • Which hormones are released from the pituitary upon secretion of GTRH from the hypothalamus?
  • Which hormones are stimulated from the ovaries/testes following this?
A
  • FSH and LH from the pituitary –> increased development of the ovaries/testes
  • increased secretion of oestriol/testosterone from ovaries/testes
29
Q

Why do girls stop growing before boys?

A

Oestrogen is the main cause of termintation of growth

30
Q

Which gene is defective in achondroplasia?

A

FGFR-3\

31
Q

Which hormone is increased in hypothyroidism?

A

TSH

32
Q

What is the consequence of GH insufficiency in childhood?

A

Faltering growth and short stature due to lack of proliferation of the chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates

33
Q

Name 4 conditions which cause tall stature

(4 listed)

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • precocious puberty
  • Marfans
  • Kliinefelters
34
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Stunted growth caused by chronic malnutrition

35
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Starvation and oedema due to low albumin and hepatomegaly

36
Q

Which protein is in abundence in colostrum?

  • whey
  • casein
A

Whey (80%)

37
Q

Which protein in milk can become allergenic?

A

Casein

38
Q

What are the proportions of whey and casein in mature milk? (in %)

A

60% whey

40% casein

39
Q

What is the main carbohydrate in mature milk?

A

lactose

40
Q

What should the weight gain of an infant be (per week) in the first 3 months post partum?

A

200g per week

41
Q

What should the weight gain be per week in an infant of 4-6 months?

A

150g/week

42
Q

How much milk should an infant 0-4 months have daily?

A

150-200ml/kg

43
Q

How much milk should an infant 4-6months have daily?

A

140ml/kg

JG Year 1 (27 decks)

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