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Neuroscience > 12b: Limbic System > Flashcards

12b: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system is collection of structures in (telen/dien/mesen)-cephalon.

A

All tree

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2
Q

Functionally, all limbic system structures are implicated in experience or (X) of (Y).

A 
X = expression
Y = emotion
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3
Q

Limbic lobe is composed of (telen/dien/mesen)-cephalic structures.

A

Telencephalic

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4
Q

The limbic lobe “borders” which ventricular structure?

A

Foramen of monro

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5
Q

The (X) structures of the limbic lobe are the (oldest/newest) cortical areas to emerge. List them.

A

Oldest;

  1. Allocortex
  2. Periallocortex
  3. Proisocortex
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6
Q

Allocortical structures of limbic (lobe/system) have (X) number of layers. List these structures.

A

Lobe;
X = 3

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Primary olfactory cortex
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7
Q

Periallocortex structures of limbic (lobe/system) have (X) number of layers. List these structures.

A

Lobe;
X = 4-5

  1. Entorhinal cortex
  2. Parahippocampal gyrus
  3. Cingulate cortex
  4. Orbitofrontal cortex
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8
Q

The Proisocortex surrounds (X) and has (Y) number of layers. It contains the same structures as (Z), but the portions adjacent to (neocortex/ventricles).

A

X = Z = periallocortex
Y = 5
Neocortex

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9
Q

List the subcortical structures of the limbic system. These are (telen/dien/mesen)-cephalic structures.

A

Telencephalic;

  1. Amygdala
  2. Basal forebrain (cholinergic nuclei)
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10
Q

The basal forebrain is part of the (telen/dien/mesen)-cephalic structures of limbic system. It includes which nuclei?

A

Telencephalic;

  1. Septal nuclei
  2. Diagonal band nuclei
  3. Nucleus basalis
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11
Q

List diencephalic components of limbic system, which have variety of (afferent/efferent) connections with telencephalic limbic lobe.

A

Both;

  1. Hypothalamus (all nuclei)
  2. Thalamus (anterior and MD nuclei)
  3. Epithalamus (habenular nuclei)
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12
Q

List mesencephalic components of limbic system, collectively called (X).

A

X = limbic midbrain areas (LMA)

  1. VTA
  2. PAG
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13
Q

Olfactory receptor axons terminate on second-order (X) cells, which then project to (Y) via (Z) tract.

A 
X = mitral
Y = primary olfactory cortex
Z = lateral olfactory tract
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14
Q

Axons of primary olfactory cortex project to (X).

A

X = amygdala and entorhinal cortex

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15
Q

T/F: Multimodal association areas project into the limbic system.

A

True

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16
Q

The largest area/lobe containing multimodal association areas is:

A

Prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

Lesions to (X) structure seems to affect “appropriateness” of (Y) responses and “associative learning”

A 
X = amygdala
Y = emotional
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18
Q

Give an example of problem with sensory-sensory association, a symptom of lesion to (X).

A

X = amygdala

Inability to associate visual appearance of ball with its somesthetic feel

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19
Q

Lesion to (X) causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

A

X = amygdala

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20
Q

The amygdala receives afferent input from which sensory modalities? Via which structures, respectively?

A

All;

  1. Sensory association cortices (vision, audition, somatic)
  2. Parabrachial nucleus in pons (taste/visceral)
  3. Primary olfactory cortex (olfaction)
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21
Q

Amygdala receives afferent input from which telencephalic structures of limbic system?

A
  1. Basal forebrain
  2. Orbitofrontal cortex
  3. Entorhinal cortex/hippocampus
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22
Q

Amygdala receives afferent information about sexual drive from which structure?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

(Like/unlike) striatum, amygdala receives (minimal/massive) input from entire cerebral cortex.

A

Like; massive

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24
Q

(Like/unlike) striatum, amygdala sends output to (X) nucleus of thalamus.

A

Unlike;

X = MD

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25
Q

Amygdala sends efferent projections to (anterior/posterior/medial/lateral) hypothalamus via which pathways? Star the longest one.

A
  1. Medial hypothalamus via Stria terminalis*

2. Lateral hypothalamus via Ventral Amygdalofugal pathway

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26
Q

Stria terminalis pathway from (X) to (Y) follows the shape of which structure?

A 
X = amygdala
Y = medial hypothalamus

Caudate

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27
Q

Ventral Amygdalofugal (VAF) pathway from (X) to (Y) travels (ventrally/dorsally) and gives off fibers that project to (Z).

A

X = amygdala
Y = lateral hypothalamus;
Dorsally;
Z = MD thalamus and basal forebrain

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28
Q

Aside from basal forebrain and hypothalamus, the amygdala has efferents to which cortices.

A
  1. Prefrontal
  2. Entorhinal (then hippocampus)
  3. Sensory association cortices
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29
Q

Patient carries perfectly normal conversation one moment, but forgets the content/occurrence of the conversation a mere 5 min later. This is sign of damage to:

A

Hippocampus

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30
Q

Damage to hippocampus likely present with (retrograde/anterograde) amnesia.

A

Anterograde

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31
Q

Damage to hippocampus preserves (retrograde/anterograde) memories. This indicates that memories are stored (within/outside) hippocampal formation.

A

Retrograde;

outside (neocortex)

32
Q

List the hippocampal afferents.

A
  1. Multimodal and olfactory cortices (sensory)
  2. Amygdala (viscero-sensory)
  3. Cingulate cortex (nociception/emotional state)
33
Q

Hippocampus sends efferents to which structure(s) via the fornix?

A
  1. Basal forebrain
  2. MB/Hypothalamus
  3. Anterior Nucleus (thalamus)
34
Q

Hippocampus sends efferents to which structure(s) via direct corticocortical projections?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Entorhinal cortex
  3. Multimodal parahippocampal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortices
35
Q

In LTP experiment for hippocampus, you’d place stimulating electrode in (X) and recording electrode in (Y).

A 
X = entorhinal complex
Y = hippocampus
36
Q

In the phenomenon called “Kindling”, the threshold for producing (X) (increases/decreases/doesn’t change) under what circumstances?

A

X = seizure;
Decreases;

Give seizure once per day over several days

37
Q

The (X) phenomenon reflects learning/memory of behavior that’s maladaptive.

A

X = Kindling

38
Q

LTP/Kindling depend on (activation/suppression) of which receptor(s) in hippocampus?

A

Activation;

AMPA and NMDA

39
Q

In LTP prolonged (stimulation/inhibition) of (X) receptors (de/hyper/re)-polarizes membrane enough to (Y).

A

Stimulation;
X = AMPA
Depolarizes;
Y = remove Mg block from NMDA channel

40
Q

In LTP, additional pathways are activated by (X), which (enters/produced) by (Y). What’s one of the key effects of these pathways?

A

X = Ca;
Enters;
Y = NMDA channels

Adds AMPA receptors to post-synaptic membrane

41
Q

T/F: NMDA activation and Ca influx past certain level produces excitotoxic damage and hippocampal apoptosis.

42
Q

The cingulate cortex is comprised of (X) cortices, which are linked rostrally to (Y) and caudally to (Z).

A 
X = ACC and PCC
Y = Prefrontal cortex
Z = medial temporal lobe
43
Q

The cingulate cortex is linked to its rostral/caudal attachments by (transversely/longitudinally)-running (Y).

A

Longitudinally;

Y = cingulum bundle

44
Q

Neurons of (X) limbic system structure are particularly vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer’s.

A

X = entorhinal cortex

45
Q

The (X) in (Y) has been neurosurgically transected to treat intractable pain in terminal patients. This disconnects perception of pain from its emotional consequences.

A 
X = cingulum bundle;
Y = ACC
46
Q

The ACC is primarily involved in (X). The PCC is primarily involved in (Y).

A 
X = registration of aversive emotion ("suffering")
Y = self-perception and assessment of relevance
47
Q

The (neo/paleo)-spinothalamic tract projects to cingulate cortex via which structures?

A

Paleospinothalamic;

PAG and CM nucleus (thalamus)

48
Q

The (X) nucleus of hypothalamus projects to cingulate cortex via its input to (Y).

A 
X = periventricular;
Y = MD nucleus of thalamus
49
Q

T/F: Hippocampus projects to cingulate cortex both directly and indirectly via (X).

A

True

X = mammillary bodies then anterior nucleus OR MD thalamus

50
Q

T/F: Hypothalamus projects to cingulate cortex both directly and indirectly via (X).

A

False - only indirectly via:

X = MD nucleus

51
Q

T/F: Amygdala projects to cingulate cortex both directly and indirectly via (X).

A

True;

X = MD nucleus

52
Q

T/F: Multimodal/sensory association cortices projects to cingulate cortex both directly and indirectly via (X).

A

False - only directly via coritocortical input

53
Q

List efferent output from cingulate cortex.

A
  1. Entorhinal cortex (then hippocampus)
  2. Amygdala
  3. Multimodal association cortices
54
Q

The (X) structure of limbic system is important for conscious evaluation of (aversive/rewarding) emotions/motivation.

A

X = orbitofrontal cortex

Both

55
Q

Patients with lesion to (X) may be apathetic or “disinhibited” (expressing inappropriate emotions/behavior).

A

X = prefrontal cortex

56
Q

Some afferents to prefrontal cortex come from (X) via (Y) nucleus of thalamus.

A 
X = amygdala and hypothalamus
Y = MD
57
Q

T/F: The cingulate cortex projects to the prefrontal cortex.

58
Q

T/F: The amygdala projects to prefrontal cortex only indirectly through thalamic nucleus.

A

False - also directly

59
Q

T/F: Hippocampus projects to prefrontal cortex via entorhinal cortex.

A

False - either directly or via hypothalamus

60
Q

The (X) has been found to be almost the entire source of ACh in the cortex.

A

X = basal forebrain

61
Q

Various drugs that (facilitate/inhibit) (X) NT have shown symptomatic improvements in Alzheimer’s early stages.

A

Facilitate;

X = ACh

62
Q

Amygdala sends (direct/indirect) efferents to basal forebrain via (X).

A

Indirect;

X = VAF pathway

63
Q

Hippocampus sends efferents to basal forebrain via (X).

A

X = fornix

64
Q

Hypothalamus sends efferents to basal forebrain via (X).

A

X = Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

65
Q

Limbic midbrain sends efferents to basal forebrain via (X).

A

X = Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

66
Q

Medial septal nucleus of (X) sends efferents to:

A

X = basal forebrain

Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

67
Q

Diagonal band nucleus of (X) sends efferents to:

A

X = basal forebrain

Amygdala and cingulate cortex

68
Q

Nucleus basalis of (X) sends efferents to:

A

X = basal forebrain

Entire cortex (esp prefrontal)

69
Q

T/F: Without activation of basal forebrain, stimulus events aren’t properly coded for long-term storage.

70
Q

List the two principal pathways that connect telencepahlic limbic structures with the LMA.

A
  1. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

2. Habenulopeduncular tract

71
Q

What’s the “lateral forebrain bundle”?

A

The internal capsule

72
Q

The MFB connects with (most/all) the nuclei of (X).

A

All;

X = hypothalamus

73
Q

Rostrally, the MFB goes as far as which structures?

A

Amygdala and basal forebrain

74
Q

The habenulopeduncular tract is a principal relay for (X) to (Y).

A 
X = basal forebrain
Y = LMA
75
Q

The (X) limbic structure is very sensitive to anoxia.

A

X = hippocampus

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