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Neuroscience > 03a: Brainstem > Flashcards

03a: Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

(X) cerebellar peduncle only transmits (input/output) to cerebellum.

A

X = middle;

Input

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2
Q

Output from cerebellum primarily via (X) peduncle(s).

A

X = superior cerebellar

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3
Q

Input from cerebellum primarily via (X) peduncle(s).

A

X = middle and inferior cerebellar

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4
Q

The brainstem is a rostral continuation of (X) once (X) passes which landmark?

A

X = SC

Passes through foramen magnum

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5
Q

Tuberculum gracilis/cuneatus are found in which part(s) of (SC/Brainstem)?

A

Brainstem;

Caudal medulla

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6
Q

Tuberculum gracilis/cuneatus correspond to (1/2/3)-order (nuclei/axons) of DCML.

A

(Contain) 2nd order nuclei of DCML

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7
Q

A cross-section through (X) part of brainstem would show the inferior cerebellar peduncles.

A

Rostral medulla

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8
Q

List the tracts that run through the cerebral peduncles.

A
  1. Corticobulbar
  2. Corticospinal
  3. Corticopontine
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9
Q

T/F: The superior cerebellar peduncle only carries output from cerebellum.

A

False - ventral spinocerebellar tract

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10
Q

Pain signals from body synapse on which thalamic nucleus?

A

VPL

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11
Q

Sensory signals from body synapse on which thalamic nucleus?

A

VPL

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12
Q

Pain signals from face synapse on which thalamic nucleus?

A

VPM

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13
Q

Optic tract fibers synapse on which thalamic nucleus?

A

LGN (lateral geniculate)

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14
Q

Auditory fibers from (X) structure terminate on (Y) thalamic nucleus.

A 
X = inferior colliculus;
Y = MGN
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15
Q

Cerebral cortex sends axons to cerebellum via (X) tract that first terminates on (ipsi/contra)lateral (Y).

A

X = corticopontine
Ipsilateral;
Y = Pontine nuclei

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16
Q

Pontine nuclei involved in transmission of information from (X) to (Y) via (Z) tract.

A 
X = cerebral cortex;
Y = cerebellum;
Z = pontocerebellar tract
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17
Q

R cerebral cortex sends information to (R/L) cerebellum.

A

L

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18
Q

Cortex to cerebellum: Decussation of (X) fibers occurs following synapse on (Y).

A 
X = pontocerebellar;
Y = pontine nuclei
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19
Q

Output of cerebellum arises from (X) nuclei.

A

X = deep cerebellar

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20
Q

Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei located?

A

In cerebellar white matter, located on roof of fourth ventricle

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21
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei send axons out via (X) to which (ipsi/contra)lateral location(s)?

A

X = superior cerebellar peduncle

Contralateral;

  1. Red nucleus
  2. VL nucleus of thalamus
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22
Q

Red nucleus gives rise to (X) descending tract. This tract plays role in (ipsi/contra)lateral (Y).

A

X = rubrospinal;
Contralateral;
Y = muscle control

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23
Q

Aside from (X) descending tract, red nucleus contributes axons to (Y) tract. (Y) tract synapses on (Z).

A 
X = rubrospinal;
Y = central tegmental;
Z = inferior olivary nucleus (olive)
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24
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus receives axons from (X) tract and it then projects to (ipsi/contra)lateral (Y) via (Z).

A

X = central tegmental;
Contralateral;
Y = cerebellum;
Z = ICP

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25
Q

The majority of (X) structure is classified as the reticular formation.

A

X = tegmentum

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26
Q

T/F: The reticular formation consists of the interneurons of the brainstem.

A

True

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27
Q

Pontine reticular formation (rostral pons) contains (X) structure, which produces fibers containing (Y) NT.

A 
X = locus coeruleus;
Y = NE
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28
Q

Raphe nuclei produce:

A

Serotonergic fibers

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29
Q

List the key efferent projections of reticular formation.

A
  1. Intrinsic Brainstem Integration
  2. Descending reticulospinal motor/reflex control
  3. Descending reticulospinal autonomic control
  4. Descending monoamine nociceptive processing control
  5. Ascending monoamine forebrain excitability control
  6. Ascending cholinergic forebrain excitability control
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30
Q

Control over nociceptive processing via (X) structure involves which NT?

A

X = reticular formation;

Serotonin

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31
Q

Sleep/wake cycle control is specific (afferent/efferent) function of (X) structure?

A

Efferent;
X = reticular formation;

Both Ascending (1) monoamine and (2) cholinergic control of forebrain excitability

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32
Q

List afferent inputs to reticular formation.

A
  1. Somatic/visceral (from SC and brainstem)
  2. Cerebellar/vestibular
  3. Corticospinal/corticobulbar collaterals
  4. Hypothalamus/diencephalon inputs
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33
Q

Ascending monoamine projections from reticular formation act as (X) for functions of (Y) structure.

A 
X = neuromodulators;
Y = forebrain
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34
Q

Descending monoamine projections from reticular formation go to:

A

Cerebellum and SC

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35
Q

List the major ascending/descending monoamine NT-specific nuclei of reticular formation. Include the NT belonging to each.

A
  1. Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental nucleus (DA)
  2. Dorsal and median raphe (serotonin)
  3. Locus coeruleus (NE)
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36
Q

T/F: Dorsal raphe produces NT that goes to SC.

A

True

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37
Q

T/F: Ventral tegmental nucleus produces NT that goes to cerebellum.

A

False - (DA) only to forebrain

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38
Q

T/F: Locus coeruleus produces NT that goes to forebrain, SC, and cerebellum.

A

True

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39
Q

“Reticular activating system” involves (X) NT projections from which nuclei?

A

X = ascending ACh;

  1. Pedunculopontine tegmental
  2. Parabrachial
  3. Laterodorsal tegmental
40
Q

Raphespinal pathway, originating from (X) structure, terminates in (Y) and are primarily involved in (Z).

A 
X = raphe nuclei (reticular formation)
Y = dorsal horn of SC
Z = pain modulation
41
Q

Medullary reticular formation primarily known as being center for (X) and the final common pathway for (Y).

A 
X = motor organization;
Y = all basic autonomic functions
42
Q

Dopaminergic neurons coming from (X) regions of reticular formation have axons that project to:

A

X = substantia nigra and VTA;

  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal ganglia
43
Q

(X) nuclei are midline brainstem nuclei that contain (Y) NT.

A 
X = raphe;
Y = serotonin
44
Q

Periaqueductal gray has neurons containing (X). It receives information regarding (Y) from (Z) tract.

A 
X = enkephalin
Y = pain
Z = spinomesencephalic tract (of ALS)
45
Q

Seeing a tract wrap around (X) peduncles makes you think it’s which CN? Where is it going?

A 
X = cerebral;
CN II (optic tract);
Superior colliculus
46
Q

CN II immediately projects to which brain structure(s)?

A
  1. Thalamus (then cortex)

2. Superior colliculus

47
Q

CN II can be seen in cross section of (X) structure.

A

X = rostral midbrain

48
Q

The deep layers of the (X) communicate to head/neck muscles via (Y) tract. This allows for reflexive orienting to visual stimulus.

A 
X = Superior colliculus
Y = tectospinal
49
Q

The (X) structure indirectly communicates with CN (Y) via (Z). This allows for reflexive orienting to visual stimulus.

A 
X = superior colliculus
Y = 3, 4, 6
Z = gaze center nuclei
50
Q

The gaze center for horizontal movements.

A

PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation)

51
Q

The gaze center for vertical movements.

A

In midbrain…

52
Q

CN (X) fibers are found in the interpeduncular fossa.

53
Q

You’d see the oculomotor nuclei in a cross-section of (X) and (rostral/caudal/lateral/medial) (Y) CSF-filled channel.

A

X = midbrain
rostral;
Y = cerebral aqueduct

54
Q

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) nucleus of CN III located immediately (rostral/caudal/lateral/medial) to motor nucleus. What’s it formally called?

A

Parasympathetic;
caudal;
Edinger-Westphal nucleus

55
Q

Location of CN (X) is associated with the inferior colliculus.

56
Q

CN (X) indents a tract called (Y) and emits fibers that travel dorsally and caudally.

A 
X = 4;
Y = medial longitudinal fasciculus
57
Q

Upon emerging from dorsal brainstem, caudal to (X) structure, CN (Y) travels to innervate (ipsi/contra)lateral (Z).

A

X = inferior colliculus;
Y = 4
Contralateral;
Z = superior oblique muscle

58
Q

You’d see the trochlear nucleus in a cross-section of (X) and (rostral/caudal/lateral/medial) (Y) CSF-filled channel.

A

X = midbrain;
rostral;
Y = cerebral aqueduct

59
Q

MLF located (rostral/caudal/lateral/medial) to its associated CN (X) nucleus.

A

Rostral;

X = 4

60
Q

T/F: You can’t see the MLF and the fourth ventricle in the same cross-section.

A

False - directly rostral to fourth ventricle and caudal to pons

61
Q

Analog for SC in the head (based on functions).

A

Trigeminal system

62
Q

(X) muscles controlled by trigeminal nerve fibers that arise from (Y) nucleus.

A 
X = mastication
Y = motor nucleus of V
63
Q

Fine touch/P sensation to face: first order neuron has nucleus in (X). Fibers enter/travel in (Y) structure to synapse onto (Z) nucleus.

A 
X = DRG
Y = pons (lateral)
Z = chief sensory nucleus of V
64
Q

Fine touch/P sensation fibers from face synapse on (X) nucleus that’s (rostral/caudal/medial/lateral) to (Y) nucleus of V.

A

X = chief sensory nucleus of V
Lateral;
Y = motor

65
Q

Fine touch/P sensation to face: third-order neurons located in (ipsi/contra)lateral (X).

A

Contralateral

X = VPM nucleus of thalamus

66
Q

(Sensory/motor) tracts related to trigeminal nerve decussate after emerging from (X) nucleus.

A

Sensory;

X = chief sensory nucleus of V AND spinal nucleus of V

67
Q

Pain sensation to face: third-order neurons located in (ipsi/contra)lateral (X).

A

Contralateral;

X = VPM

68
Q

(X) nucleus of CN V extends from pons, through medulla, to cervical SC. Where does its morphology change?

A

X = Spinal nucleus and track of V

In caudal medulla

69
Q

Spinal nucleus of V is extension of (X) of SC.

A

X = dorsal horn gray (substantia gelatinosa and nucleus proprius)

70
Q

DRG for (X) is strangely located within the brainstem. Specifically in which nucleus?

A

X = muscles sense from muscles of mastication;

Mesencephalic nucleus of V

71
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus of V is located (above/below) chief and motor nuclei of V.

A

Above (in midbrain)

72
Q

Analog of Clarke’s Column/external cuneate nucleus for mastication is (X). (X) receives muscle spindle info from (Y) and relays it to (Z).

A 
X = spinal nucleus of V
Y = mesencephalic nucleus of V
Z = cerebellum
73
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus of V contains neurons involved in (sensory/motor).

74
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus of V sends information to:

A
  1. Motor nucleus of V

2. Spinal nucleus of V

75
Q

Output from (X) to (Y) responsible for myotatic reflexes in muscles of mastication.

A 
X = mesencephalic nucleus of V
Y = motor nucleus of V
76
Q

List the CN nerves (from medial to lateral) that emerge from ponto-medullary junction.

77
Q

Facial nucleus is (rostral/caudal/adjacent) to Abducens nucleus and (medial/lateral) to (X) CN nucleus.

A

Rostral;
Medial;
X = spinal nucleus of V

78
Q

High pressure in fourth ventricle tends to affect which CN? This is due to pressure on (X), a hill produced in its fibers loop over (Y).

A

CN VII;
X = facial colliculus
Y = Abducens nucleus

79
Q

Nucleus ambiguus, aka (X), is involved in (afferents/efferents) for which CN?

A

X = ventral motor nucleus of vagus;

Voluntary efferent (motor);
CN 9 and 10
80
Q

Inferior salivatory nucleus is involved in (afferents/efferents) for which CN?

A

Efferents (parasympathetic) for CN 9

81
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus is involved in (afferents/efferents) for which CN?

A

Efferents (parasympathetic) for CN 10

82
Q

Which CN nucleus located immediately caudal to medullary olive?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

83
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus located (rostral/caudal/adjacent) to nucleus ambiguus.

84
Q

Nucleus of solitary tract is (motor/sensory) nucleus.

A

Sensory (taste and visceral input)

85
Q

Rostral part of nucleus of solitary tract receives (X) fibers of which CN?

A

X = taste;

CN VII, IX, X

86
Q

Caudal part of nucleus of solitary tract receives (X) fibers of which CN?

A

X = general visceral sensory;

CN IX, X, XI

87
Q

The nucleus of solitary tract is where, wrt solitary tract?

A

Surrounds it

88
Q

First order neurons of solitary tract located in:

A

Peripheral sensory ganglia of CN VII, IX, X

89
Q

Second order neurons of solitary tract located in:

A

Nucleus of solitary tract

90
Q

Second order neurons of solitary tract project to:

A
  1. VPM thalamus
  2. Parabrachial nucleus
  3. Dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus
91
Q

Nucleus of solitary tract project to (X) via (Y). This signal regarding (Z) eventually reaches consciousness.

A 
X = VPM thalamus;
Y = central tegmental tract
Z = taste
92
Q

Nucleus of solitary tract project to (X) via (Y). This circuit contributes to autonomic/visceral responses to (Z).

A 
X = parabrachial nucleus (then hypothalamus and amygdala)
Y = central tegmental tract;
Z = taste
93
Q

Nucleus of solitary tract project locally to (X), located (rostral/caudal/medial/lateral), for (Y) functions.

A

X = dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
Medial/caudal;
Y = autonomic and reflex responses

94
Q

Corticobulbar fibers travel in (X) peduncle, (medial/lateral) to corticospinal fibers.

A

X = cerebral;

Medial

95
Q

(X) tract projects to non-CN nuclei to control subcorticospinal pathways. List these nuclei.

A

X = corticobulbar;

  1. Superior colliculus
  2. Red nucleus
  3. Reticular formation
96
Q

Cortex controls cranial nerves via (X), which projects directly to which CN nuclei?

A

X = corticobulbar tract;

  1. Motor nucleus of V (5)
  2. Facial nucleus (7)
  3. Vestibular nuclei (8)
  4. Hypoglossal nucleus (12)
97
Q

Cortex controls cranial nerves via (X), which projects indirectly, via (Y), to which CN nuclei?

A 
X = corticobulbar tract;
Y = horizontal and vertical gaze centers;

CN III, IV, VI

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