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Neuroscience > 05b: Somatosensation and Pain > Flashcards

05b: Somatosensation and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

List various sensory receptor types, from deep to superficial

A
  1. Pacinian corpuscles
  2. Ruffini’s corpuscles
  3. Merkel’s disks
  4. Meissner’s corpuscles
  5. Free nerve endings
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2
Q

T/F: All classes of cutaneous sensation are represented among the free nerve endings.

A

True

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3
Q

Two-point discrimination smaller on (fingertips/back)

A

Fingertips

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4
Q

Central neurons, (like/unlike) receptors, use (X) mechanism for transmitting info about a stimulus intensity.

A

Like;

X = frequency coding

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5
Q

(Primary afferent fibers/central neurons) have complex receptive fields. Explain.

A

Central neurons;

Lateral inhibition (sharpens transmission of sensory messages)

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6
Q

Detailed topographical representation of (ipsi/contra)-lateral body forms within thalamus.

A

Contralateral

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7
Q

Cutaneous afferents are found within (X) regions of thalamus.

A

X = posterior

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8
Q

T/F: Pain is always subjective.

A

True

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9
Q

T/F: Pain is always unpleasant.

A

True

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10
Q

T/F:Pain is activity induced in nociceptor/nociceptive pathway by noxious stimulus.

A

False - pain is psych state

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11
Q

T/F: Noxious stimulus is defined as one that produces tissue damage.

A

True

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12
Q

List 3 classes of nociceptors.

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Thermal
  3. Polymodal
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13
Q

Mechanical nociceptors respond to (X) stimuli and have (small/large) receptive fields.

A

X = crushing P

Large

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14
Q

Thermal nociceptors respond to (X) stimuli and have (small/large) receptive fields.

A

X = temperatures above 45C or below 15C

Large

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15
Q

Polymodal nociceptors respond to (X) stimuli and have (small/large) receptive fields.

A

X = both high threshold mechanical and thermal stimulation;

Large

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16
Q

(X) caused by (Y) provide(s) the principal stimulus for nociceptor activation.

A 
X = chemicals;
Y = release from damaged tissue (into extracellular fluid)
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17
Q

List some “pain related molecules”. Star those that sensitize all classes of nociceptors.

A
  1. Bradykinin
  2. Substance P
  3. Histamine
  4. K+
  5. Prostaglandins*
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18
Q

A noxious stimulus evokes release of (X) from (Y). Be specific.

A 
X = Bradykinin
Y = damaged tissue
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19
Q

List effect(s) of bradykinin.

A
  1. Excites nociceptor
  2. Increases prostaglandin production
  3. Dilates blood vessels
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20
Q

You step on a nail. In response to (excitatory/inhibitory) actions of (Y), the nociceptor terminal releases (X).

A

Excitatory;
X = bradykinin and prostaglandins;
Y = substance P

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21
Q

You step on a nail. Effect of Substance P, when released from (X).

A

X = nociceptor terminal

  1. Further sensitizes nerve terminal
  2. Increases blood vessel dilation
  3. Increases inflammatory response
22
Q

T/F: Similar to other receptors, nociceptors adapt with frequent stimulation.

A

False - sensitize with frequent stimulation

23
Q

Pain is subserved primarily by which peripheral nerve fiber types?

A
  1. A-delta

2. C

24
Q

In terms of conduction velocity, A-delta are the most rapid of (X) fibers, but the slowest of the (Y) fibers.

A 
X = pain;
Y = A
25
Q

A-delta fibers are distributed in (X) parts of body and carry information about (Y) stimuli.

A 
X = skin and mucous membranes 
Y = mechanical and thermal
26
Q

C fibers are distributed in (X) parts of body and carry information about (Y) stimuli.

A 
X = deep tissues and skin
Y = polymodal
27
Q

T/F: C fibers outnumber A-delta fibers in the skin.

A

True

28
Q

Sharp, stinging painful sensation carried by which type of pain fibers?

A

A-delta

29
Q

Burning, unpleasant painful sensation carried by which type of pain fibers?

A

C fibers

30
Q

A-delta fibers synapse in (X), on the dendrites of neurons with somata in Rexed’s Laminae (Y). This gives rise to (Z) tract.

A 
X = substantia gelatinosa
Y = 1 and 5
Z = neospinothalamic
31
Q

Neospinothalamic tract terminates in (X). Then signal goes to (Y) cortex.

A 
X = VPL thalamus;
Y = somatosensory cortex
32
Q

C fibers synapse in (X), on the dendrites of (Y), which send info to cells in Rexed’s Laminae (Z).

A 
X = substantia gelatinosa 
Y = small, excitatory interneurons
Z = 5-8
33
Q

C-fibers use (X) as the NT at their synapse in substantia gelatinosa.

A

X = Substance P

34
Q

Rexed Laminae (X) give rise to paleospinothalamic tract.

A

X = 6-8

35
Q

Rexed Lamina 5 neurons, receiving input from (A-delta/C) pain fibers, contribute primarily to (X) tract.

A

C-fibers;

X = spinomesencephalic

36
Q

T/F: Both neo and paleospinoathalmic tracts are somatotopically organized.

A

False - paleo is not

37
Q

Paleospinothalamic tract terminates in (X). Then signal goes to (Y) cortex.

A 
X = intralaminal nucleus of thalamus;
Y = cingulate
38
Q

Collaterals from (neo/paleo)spinothalamic tracts contribute to which ascending brainstem tracts?

A

Both;

  1. Spinomesencephalic
  2. Spinoreticular tract
39
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract arises from neurons in lamina (X) and projects to (Y).

A 
X = 1 and 5
Y = PAG
40
Q

Spinoreticular tract arises from neurons in lamina (X) and projects to (Y) via (Z).

A 
X = 6-8
Y = thalamus 
Z = reticular formation
41
Q

WDR, aka (X), neurons are in lamina (Y). They’re termed this because of which characteristic?

A 
X = wide dynamic range;
Y = 5

Excited by multimodal/diverse inputs from A-beta, A-gamma, and C fibers

42
Q

WDR neurons activate (X) via (Y) tract.

A 
X = PAG;
Y = spinomesencephalic
43
Q

In addition to receiving pain info from WDR neurons, the (X) receives input from (Y), conveying info on emotional/physio responses to pain.

A 
X = PAG
Y = amygdala, hypothalamus, neocortical areas
44
Q

PAG neurons normally (stimulate/inhibit) nucleus raphe magnus (NRM).

A

Inhibit

45
Q

Enkephalin, released by (X), has (stimulatory/inhibitory) effect on (Y), thus activating (Z).

A

X = PAG neurons
Inhibitory;
Y = other PAG neurons
Z = NRM cells

46
Q

Descending serotonergic (PAG/NRM) inputs (excite/inhibit) (X) interneurons in (brainstem/SC).

A

NRM;
Excite;
X = enkephalinergic
SC

47
Q

Release of enkephalin in SC has which effect(s)?

A

Inhibits:

  1. Afferent pain fiber activity
  2. WDR activity
48
Q

Ideal way to alleviate pain is to:

A

Treat underlying disease

49
Q

Pharmacological treatment of pain is possible via:

A
  1. NSAIDS

2. Opioids

50
Q

NSAIDS mechanism

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase

51
Q

Cyclooxygenase involved in which reaction?

A

Conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin

52
Q

Give examples of commonly used NSAIDS

A
  1. Ibuprofin
  2. Aspirin
  3. Acetaminophen

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