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Neuroscience > 09b: Thalamus > Flashcards

09b: Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Ventricular structure separating R/L thalamus.

A

Third ventricle

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2
Q

(X) is the major part of the diencephalon. Which groups of structures lie near (X) and are also part of diencephalon?

A

X = thalamus

  1. Epithalamus (dorsal/caudal)
  2. Subthalamus (ventral)
  3. Hypothalamus (below)
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3
Q

Major structures of epithalamus.

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Posterior commissure
  3. Habenular nuclei
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4
Q

(X) is a midsaggital endocrine gland in diencephalon that secretes (Y).

A 
X = pineal;
Y = melatonin
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5
Q

Melatonin secreted at high levels during (day/night) and is triggered by (X) signals.

A

Night

X = visual

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6
Q

(X) is a fiber tract, part of epithalamus, that connects (Y) with their contralateral homologues.

A 
X = posterior commissure;
Y = oculomotor nuclei and pretectal nuclei
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7
Q

Formal name of the “thalamus” is:

A

Dorsal thalamus

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8
Q

The (X) is a fiber layer that divides thalamus into which main parts/compartments?

A

X = internal medullary lamina;

  1. Anterior
  2. Medial
  3. Lateral
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9
Q

Anterior compartment of thalamus contains:

A

Anterior nucleus

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10
Q

Medial compartment of thalamus contains:

A

Mediodorsal nucleus

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11
Q

The (X) compartment of thalamus is divided into which tiers?

A

X = lateral

  1. Dorsal
  2. Ventral
  3. Appended
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12
Q

Dorsal tier of (X) thalamic compartment contains (Y).

A 
X = lateral;
Y = pulvinar nucleus
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13
Q

T/F: Pulvinar, aka “pillow”, nucleus of thalamus stains poorly with myelin.

A

True

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14
Q

Ventral tier of (X) thalamic compartment contains (Y).

A 
X = lateral
Y = VPL, VPM, VA, VL nuclei
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15
Q

(Rostrally/caudally) in thalamus, the VPL/VPM complex is replaced by VA/VL complex.

A

Rostrally

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16
Q

What are the Appended nuclei of the (X)?

A

X = thalamus (lateral compartment)

MGN and LGN

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17
Q

(MGN/LGN) is more caudal than (MGN/LGN) and can be observed laterally to (superior/inferior) colliculus.

A

MGN; LGN;

Superior

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18
Q

List categories of thalamic nuclei, based on functional organization.

A
  1. Primary sensory nuclei
  2. Motor relay nuclei
  3. Association nuclei
  4. Limbic nuclei
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19
Q

List the primary sensory nuclei of the thalamus. List respective modality carried by each.

A
  1. LGN (Vision)
  2. MGN (Audition)
  3. VPL (Somatosensory for body)
  4. VPM (Somatosensory for face)
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20
Q

List the motor relay nuclei of the thalamus. They carry info from (X) to (Y).

A

VA/VL Complex;

X = cerebellum and basal ganglia
Y = primary motor and premotor cortices
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21
Q

Cerebellar input to (X) nuclei in thalamus comes from which specific part of cerebellum?

A

X = VA/VL

Dentate nucleus

22
Q

Basal ganglia, specifically (X), is source of input to (Y) nuclei in thalamus.

A 
X = GP and SNpr (pars reticularis)
Y = VA/VL
23
Q

Association nuclei of thalamus receive (low/high) processed signals from (X), and project to (Y).

A

High;
X = association regions of cerebral cortex
Y = (back to) cerebral cortex

24
Q

List the association nuclei of the thalamus.

A
  1. Pulvinar

2. Mediodorsal (MD)

25
Q

List the limbic nuclei of the thalamus.

A

Anterior nucleus

26
Q

Anterior nucleus receives some input from (X) via fornix and sends output to (Y).

A 
X = hippocampus
Y = cingulate cortex
27
Q

The “non-specific” nuclei of the thalamus are likely part of (X) system.

A

X = reticular activating

28
Q

T/F: All sensory signals travel through thalamus before reaching cerebral cortex.

A

False - all except olfaction

29
Q

The majority of neurons in thalamus are (short/long)-range, (excitatory/inhibitory) (X) neurons. The remainder are (Y) neurons.

A

Long; excitatory;
X = relay
Y = local, inhibitory (GABAergic) interneurons

30
Q

Most output neurons of specific thalamic nuclei project to layer(s) (X) of cerebral cortex, with minor projections to layer(s) (Y).

A 
X = 4
Y = 6
31
Q

Most cerebral areas receiving thalamic input send feedback projections to (same/different) thalamic nuclei, arising from layer(s) (X).

A

The same;

X = 5 and 6

32
Q

Number of corticothalamic projections was found to be (greater/smaller) than that of thalamocortical projections by which factor?

A

Greater; 10

33
Q

Axons of (corticothalamic/thalamocortical) projections produce large, highly effective synaptic boutons. These were termed (modulators/drivers).

A

Thalamocortical; drivers

34
Q

Reticular nucleus is made up entirely of (X) neurons. Its axons project into (Y).

A 
X = inhibitory
Y = thalamus
35
Q

Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus receives input from (X) and sends output to (Y).

A 
X = superior colliculus, primary and non-primary visual cortices
Y = Parietal, Occipital, Temporal association cortices
36
Q

MD nucleus of thalamus receives input from (X) and sends output to (Y).

A 
X = amygdala
Y = Prefrontal cortex
37
Q

Thalamic relay signal is modulated by which source(s) of inhibitory signals?

A
  1. Dendrodendritic synapses

2. Reticular nucleus

38
Q

T/F: Most of synaptic composition of LGN is from the retina.

A

False - from brainstem/cortical areas

39
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule is sandwiched between which structure(s)?

A

Lenticular nuclei and head of caudate

40
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule is sandwiched between which structure(s)?

A

Lenticular nuclei and thalamus

41
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule contains fibers that interconnect:

A
  1. Anterior thalamic nucleus with cingulate gyrus
  2. MD nucleus with prefrontal cortex
  3. Frontal lobe with ipsilateral pontine nuclei
42
Q

Genu of internal capsule contains fibers that interconnect:

A
  1. Frontal lobe with ipsilateral pontine nuclei

2. VA/VL nuclei with motor/pre-motor cortices

43
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule contains fibers that interconnect/project:

A
  1. Parietal lobe with ipsilateral pontine nuclei
  2. VA/VL nuclei with motor/pre-motor cortices
  3. Corticospinal (descending from motor cortex)
  4. Somatosensory projections (to and from VPL/VPM)
44
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries arise from (X) artery.

A

X = middle cerebral

45
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule blood supply via (X), which arise(s) from (Y).

A 
X = Recurrent arteries of Heubner
Y = anterior cerebral artery
46
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule blood supply via (X), which arise(s) from (Y).

A 
X = lenticulostriate, anterior choroidal, and thalamoperforator arteries
Y = middle cerebral, internal carotid, posterior cerebral arteries
47
Q

Genu of internal capsule blood supply via (X), which arise(s) from (Y).

A 
X = lenticulostriate arteries;
Y = middle cerebral artery
48
Q

(X) arteries, which supply (Y) part(s) of internal capsule, are particularly prone to narrowing during hypertension.

A 
X = lenticulostriate;
Y = genu and posterior limb
49
Q

Input to anterior nucleus of thalamus.

A
  1. Mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract

2. Hippocampus via fornix

50
Q

Output from anterior nucleus of thalamus.

A

Cingulate cortex

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