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Neuroscience > 12a: Hypothalamus > Flashcards

12a: Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

List the three zones of the hypothalamus, from medial to lateral.

A
  1. Periventricular zone
  2. Intermediate/medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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2
Q

List the levels/regions of hypothalamus, from rostral to caudal.

A
  1. Preoptic
  2. Anterior/supraoptic
  3. Tuberal
  4. Posterior
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3
Q

The periventricular zone of hypothalamus contains which nuclei?

A
  1. Paraventricular (PVN)
  2. Periventricular (PrVN)
  3. Arcuate (Arc)
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4
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei extend the entire (AP/ML) length of hypothalamus EXCEPT for (X) zone/region?

A

AP;

PrVN (periventricular) and LHA (lateral hypothalamic area)

X = preoptic region

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5
Q

The lateral zone of hypothalamus contains which nuclei?

A
  1. SON (supraoptic)
  2. LPN (lateral pre optic)
  3. LHA (lateral hypothalamic area)
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6
Q

Functions of hypothalamus are largely related to (X). It does this by way of:

A

X = homeostasis

  1. ANS
  2. Pituitary
  3. Limbic system/cortex
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7
Q

Hypothalamus controls species preserving behaviors by its connection with:

A

Limbic system/cortex

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8
Q

Hypothalamus controls BP and body T by its connection with:

A

ANS

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9
Q

Hypothalamus controls hormones by its connection with:

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

Hypothalamus controls physiological arousal/stress by its connection with:

A

ANS

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11
Q

Hypothalamus controls HR and respiration by its connection with:

A

ANS

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12
Q

Hypothalamus controls drives and emotion by its connection with:

A

Limbic system/cortex

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13
Q

Hypothalamus connects to the pituitary via the:

A

Infundibular stalk

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14
Q

Seeing mammillary bodies is indicative of (anterior/medial/posterior) hypothalamus.

A

Posterior

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15
Q

The preoptic region includes which hypothalamic nuclei?

A

MPN and LPN

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16
Q

The anterior, aka (X), region of hypothalamus includes which hypothalamic nuclei?

A

X = supraoptic

  1. SON
  2. AN
  3. PVN
  4. SCN
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17
Q

The tuberal region of hypothalamus includes which hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. Arc

2. VM and DM

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18
Q

The posterior region of hypothalamus includes which hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. PN

2. MB

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19
Q

(X) is the rostrally adjacent tissue of telencephalon that’s continuous with (Y) area of hypothalamus.

A 
X = basal forebrain;
Y = preoptic
20
Q

The basal forebrain is interconnected with the (X) forebrain and is the source of (ascending/descending) (Y) afferents to (Z).

A

X = limbic;
Ascending;
Y = cholinergic;
Z = entire cerebral cortex

21
Q

In a general sense, stimulation of (X) regions of hypothalamus leads to parasympathetic effects. And stimulation of (Y) regions leads to sympathetic effects.

A 
X = anterior and medial
Y = posterior and lateral
22
Q

Obesity has been shown to be a result of lesions to which part/nucleus of hypothalamus?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

23
Q

Starvation (due to aphagia) can result from lesions to which part/nucleus of hypothalamus?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

24
Q

In the forebrain, lesions of hypothalamus and (X) lead to serious disturbances of circadian rhythm. These depend upon internal generators in which hypothalamic nucleus?

A

X = nothing else (only hypothalamus)

SCN

25
Q

Without (X) input, circadian rhythms continue on periodicity that’s (Y) hours long.

A 
X = retinal (light)
Y = slightly longer than 24
26
Q

SCN nucleus in hypothalamus has (Y) receptors that responds to (Y) produced by (Z).

A 
Y = melatonin;
Z = pineal gland
27
Q

The (X) gland receives “visual” input (directly/indirectly) via its innervation from (Y).

A

X = pineal;
Indirectly;
Y = superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic innervation)

28
Q

T/F: Damage to superior cervical ganglion disrupts melatonin secretion by pineal gland.

29
Q

Hypothalamic connections that support all its functions can be divided into which 5 main categories?

A
  1. Endocrine Control
  2. ANS control
  3. Species-preserving behavior
  4. Limbic/cortical connections
  5. Circadian rhythm control
30
Q

Feedback control of hypothalamic endocrine function is largely via receptors responsive to (X).

A

X = physiological state (body T, osmolarity, glucose, etc.) and hormones

31
Q

List the tract(s) that allow hypothalamic control of endocrine function.

A
  1. Supraoptico-hypophyseal tract

2. Tuberoinfundibular tract

32
Q

The Supraoptico-hypophyseal tract is formed by axons of neurons in (X) nuclei of hypothalamus. They travel down (Y) to get to (Z).

A 
X = PVN and SON
Y = pituitary stalk
Z = posterior pituitary
33
Q

Which (hormones/NTs) are transported down the Supraoptico-hypophyseal tract? What’s their effect/fate?

A

Hormones;
ADH and oxytocin;

Released directly into capillaries in posterior pituitary

34
Q

The Tuberoinfundibular tract is a series of (short/long) axons from which hypothalamic nuclei? They produce (X).

A

Short;
Arcuate nuclei;

X = releasing and inhibiting factors

35
Q

In (Supraoptico-hypophyseal/Tuberoinfundibular) tract, the releasing and inhibiting factors, released by (X) into (Y), then drain into (Z).

A

Tuberoinfundibular;
X = neurons of Arcuate nuclei
Y = capillaries of median eminence;
Z = hypophyseal portal vein

36
Q

The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is an (efferent/afferent) path connecting (X) and (Y).

A

Both (bi-directional);
X = hypothalamus
Y = sympathetic and parasympathetic structures

37
Q

Afferent input via DLF distrubites to (X) hypothalamic nuclei via ascending fibers from (Y) structures.

A 
X = PrVN and PN
Y = parabrachial nucleus
38
Q

The parabrachial nucleus is relaying information about (X) sensations to hypothalamic nuclei via (Y) tract.

A 
X = pain (protopathic), taste, visceral sensation
Y = DLF
39
Q

Efferent output via DLF arises from (X) nuclei.

A

X = PVN, SON, PrVN, LHA

40
Q

Efferent fibers traveling via DLF project to:

A
  1. PAG
  2. VTA
  3. Medullary autonomic centers
  4. Brainstem parasympathetic nuclei
  5. Thoracolumbar and Lumbosacral preganglionics
41
Q

Supraoptico-hypophyseal tract consists of (magno/parvo)-cellular neurons.

A

Magnocellular

42
Q

Tuberoinfundibular tract consists of (magno/parvo)-cellular neurons.

A

Parvocellular

43
Q

Reward is processed as (high/low) levels of which NT?

44
Q

In androgen insensitivity syndrome, genetic defect in (X) results in genetic (M/F) developing fully as (M/F).

A

X = androgen receptors;

M; F

45
Q

Patient with androgen insensitivity syndrom has (testes/ovaries), circulating (testosterone/androgen), and (vagina/penis).

A

Testes, testosterone, but vagina (since testosterone receptors are absent)

46
Q

List the effects of pituitary tumor.

A
  1. Visual problems
  2. Arrested growth (children)
  3. Sexual dysfunction (adults)
  4. Mood/feeding changes

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