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Neuroscience > 04a: NT and Neuromodulators > Flashcards

04a: NT and Neuromodulators Flashcards

1
Q

List the three main types of signal transduction pathways in plasma membrane receptors.

A
  1. Ligand-gated channel (ionotropic)
  2. G-Protein with second messenger production
  3. G-protein with control of ion channel
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2
Q

G-Proteins can couple receptor to:

A
  1. Ion channel

2. Effector protein

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3
Q

G(s) is activated. What’s its immediate effect?

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase

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4
Q

Adenylyl cyclase is activated by which specific G-protein? What’s AC’s function?

A 
G(s);
Produces cAMP (second messenger) from ATP
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5
Q

cAMP action is terminated by (X).

A

X = hydrolysis via PDE

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6
Q

G(c) is activated. What’s its immediate effect?

A

Activates guanylyl cyclase

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7
Q

Guanylyl cyclase is activated by which specific G-protein? What’s GC’s function?

A

G(c);

Produces cGMP

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8
Q

G(i) is activated. What’s its immediate effect?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

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9
Q

G(q) is activated. What’s its immediate effect?

A

Activates PLC

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10
Q

PLC is activated by which specific G-protein? What’s PLC’s function?

A

G(q);

Produces second messengers (IP3 and DAG)

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11
Q

Odorants activate (X), which causes (increase/decrease) in (Y), which causes (increase/decrease) in (Z). Hence, (de/re/hyper)-polarization of olfactory receptors.

A 
X = G(olf) G-protein
Increase;
Y = cAMP concentration;
Increase;
Z = permeability to Na and Ca
Depolarization
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12
Q

List mechanisms that cause cessation of activity caused by G-proteins.

A
  1. 2nd messengers inactivated
  2. Phosphorylation/altering of receptors (less affinity for ligand)
  3. Receptor-NT complexes removed via endocytosis
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13
Q

List the biogenic amines.

A
  1. NE
  2. Serotonin
  3. DA
  4. Histamine
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14
Q

List two examples of catecholamines.

A

NE and DA

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15
Q

Enkephalin falls into which NT category? Name another NT that belongs in this category,

A

Neuroactive (Opioid) peptides

Endorphins

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16
Q

List some gases that act as NT.

A

NO and CO

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17
Q

List purines that act as NT.

A

ATP and adenosine

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18
Q

Somatic NS uses (X) NT receptor. Its activation causes

A

X = nicotinic ACh

Increase in gNa, gK, gCa (depolarization)

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19
Q

Binding of (X) to D1 receptors causes (increase/decrease) in which ion/messenger?

A

X = DA;

Increase in cAMP through G(s)

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20
Q

Binding of (X) to D2 receptors causes (increase/decrease) in which ion/messenger?

A

X = DA

Decrease in cAMP through G(i)

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21
Q

Which NT is considered the messenger for pleasure and reward?

A

DA

22
Q

Cocaine (stimulates/inhibits) the reuptake of (X), thus reinforcing its action.

A

Inhibits;

X = DA

23
Q

Glutamate reacts with (metabotropic/ionotropic) receptors

A

Both

24
Q

List the receptor subtypes that act as ion channels activated by glutamate.

A
  1. Kainate
  2. AMPA
  3. NMDA
25
Q

NMDA channel is (blocked/unblocked) at Vm and is (blocked/unblocked) at (X) mV. By what?

A

Blocked; Unblocked
X = -60 (or more positive)

Mg

26
Q

T/F: A signal that opens AMPA channel will always open NMDA channel.

A

False - NMDA also voltage-dependent

27
Q

GABA is formed from (X).

A

X = Glutamate

28
Q

List GABA receptors. Star the ones that are metabotropic

A

GABA(a) and GABA(b)*

29
Q

Activation of GABA(a) receptor causes (increase/decrease) in

A

Increase;

gCl (opposes depol)

30
Q

Activation of GABA(b) receptor causes (increase/decrease) in

A

Decreases gCa and increases gK (via Gi)

31
Q

Glycine primarily acts by (increasing/decreasing) (X) conductance in (brain/SC).

A

Increasing;
X = Cl
SC

32
Q

List examples of NTs in the class of neuroactive peptides.

A
  1. ADH and oxytocin
  2. CCK and VIP
  3. Substance P
  4. Opioid peptides
33
Q

T/F: Only neurons release NO.

A

False - endothelial cells too

34
Q

NO mechanism is to (increase/decrease) (extracellular/cytosolic) which ion/second messenger?

A

Increase;
cytosolic;
cGMP

35
Q

ATP and adenosine act as (stimulatory/inhibitory) transmitters in autonomic NS.

A

Inhibitory

36
Q

ATP and adenosine act on (G-protein/ligand-gated) receptors.

A

Both

37
Q

In G-proteins, the alpha subunit is bound to (receptor/beta-gamma/GDP/GTP) when interacting with effector proteins.

A

Bound to GTP

38
Q

In G-proteins, which component is a GTPase? What occurs when it hydrolyzes GTP?

A

alpha subunit;

converts it back to inactive state (GDP-bound)

39
Q

Which ACh receptors are found in abundance in CNS? They use the (X) messenger system - causing increase/decrease in conductance of which ion(s)?

A

M1 metabotropic receptors;
X = IP3

Increase gCa and decrease gK

40
Q

Serotonin is produced from (X) and broken down by (Y).

A 
X = tryptophan;
Y = oxidization by MAO
41
Q

Hallucinogenic agents, such as (X), are (Y) (agonists/antagonists).

A

X = LSD;
Y = serotonin;
Agonists

42
Q

Serotonin binds to (X) receptors. All are (ionotropic/metabotropic).

A

X = 5-HT

Most metabotropic (GPCRs) except one

43
Q

Histamine receptors are found in which location(s)?

A

Peripheral tissues and brain

44
Q

Glu and Asp serve as NT at vast majority of (inhibitory/excitatory) synapses in (CNS/PNS).

A

Excitatory; CNS

45
Q

Main excitatory NT in brain.

A

Glu

46
Q

Glu (metabotropic/ionotropic) receptors involved in synaptic plasticity.

A

Metabotropic

47
Q

Main inhibitory NT in brain.

A

GABA

48
Q

GABA is formed from:

A

Glutamate

49
Q

Barbiturates/benzos are meds for (X). What’s the Mechanism?

A

X = reducing anxiety/relaxing muscles

Enhance GABA(a) effect on gCl

50
Q

Blocking of Glycine receptors by (X) causes (Y).

A 
X = strychnine
Y = hyperactivity/convulsions

Neuroscience (29 decks)

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