Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > 11a: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

11a: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure of the basal ganglia is the oldest?

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The striatum are (X) structures interconnected. They’re also interconnected with which other structures? These are essential for proper functioning of:

A

X = caudate and putamen

  1. GP
  2. SN
  3. Subthalamic nuclei

Voluntary motor systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The basal ganglia give rise to (X) descending tract(s), innervating LMN.

A

NONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The basal ganglia give rise to (X) descending tract(s), innervating CN.

A

NONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which structure of basal ganglia is most recently developed?

A

Striatum (aka “neostriatum”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Afferents to the striatum arise mainly from layer (X) neurons.

A

X = Layer 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prefrontal cortices terminate in (putamen/caudate).

A

Caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Temporal and parietal association areas terminate in (putamen/caudate).

A

Caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Motor cortices terminate in (putamen/caudate).

A

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatosensory cortices terminate in (putamen/caudate).

A

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(Caudate/putamen) sends inhibitory efferents to (external/internal) segments of GP. Which NT used at the synapse?

A

Both; Both

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The pallidum is another name for:

A

GP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The “lentiform nucleus” is made up of:

A

Pallidum and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GP external segment sends (excitatory/inhibitory) projections to (X). Which NT is used?

A

Inhibitory (GABA);

X = Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GP internal segment sends (excitatory/inhibitory) projections to (X). Which NT is used?

A

Inhibitory (GABA);

X = VA/VL Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(X) structure as actually part of pallidum, but was separated by the cerebral peduncle. Like (external/internal) GP, it receives (excitatory/inhibitory) afferents from (Y) and sends (excitatory/inhibitory) efferents to (Z).

A

X = SN (pars reticulata)
Internal;
Inhibitory; Y = striatum
Inhibitory; Z = thalamus

17
Q

The (internal/external) segment of pallidum sends efferents to thalamus via which white-matter tracts? Star the one that penetrates (X).

A

Internal;
X = internal capsule

  1. Lenticular fasciculus*
  2. Ansa lenticularis
18
Q

Cerebellar input to (X) of thalamus, specifically from (Y) nucleus, (mirrors/contrasts) that of the pallidum.

A

X = VA/VL;
Y = dentate
Contrasts (is excitatory)

19
Q

SNpc is (identical/different) from SNpr. It’s composed of (GABA/glutamin/dopamin)-ergic neurons. It receives (excitatory/inhibitory) in put from (X) and sends its efferents to (Y).

A 
Different;
Dopaminergic;
Excitatory 
X = cerebral cortex;
Y = striatum
20
Q

Dopamine released by SN(pr/pc) has which effect on the targeted (X) structure?

A

SNpc;
X = striatum

  1. Excitatory if D1 receptor
  2. Inhibitory if D2 receptor
21
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located in the (telencephalon/diencephalon/midbrain) and is reciprocally connected with (X). It receives (excitatory/inhibitory) input from (X) and projects (excitatory/inhibitory) output to (Y).

A 
Diencephalon;
X = GP
Inhibitory from external X = GP
Excitatory;
Y = internal GP
22
Q

Overall, activation of subthalamic nucleus via (increase/decrease) GP(i/e) output has (excitatory/inhibitory) control over thalamus.

A

Decrease
GPe
Inhibitory (since subthalamic nucleus excites GP internal, which inhibits thalamus)

23
Q

Overall, (activation/inhibition) of subthalamic nucleus via cortex has (excitatory/inhibitory) control over thalamus.

A

Activation;

Inhibitory (since subthalamic nucleus excites GP internal, which inhibits thalamus)

24
Q

Overall, activation of subthalamic nucleus has (excitatory/inhibitory) control over cortex.

A

Inhibitory

25
Q

List the components of the “direct path” of motor control via the basal ganglia. Put +/- following each component to indicate whether it’s sending excitatory/inhibitory efferents.

A
  1. Cortex (+)
  2. Striatum (-)
  3. GP/SNpr (-)
  4. VA/VL (+)
  5. Cortex
26
Q

The “direct path” of motor control via basal ganglia has net (excitatory/inhibitory) effect.

A

Excitatory (on select motor programs)

27
Q

List the components of the “indirect path” of motor control via the basal ganglia. Put +/- following each component to indicate whether it’s sending excitatory/inhibitory efferents.

A
  1. Cortex (+)
  2. Straitum (-)
  3. GP external (-)
  4. Subthalamic nucleus (+)
  5. GP internal (-)
  6. VA/VL (+)
  7. Cortex
28
Q

The basal ganglia are located in (telen/dien/mesen)-cephalon.

A

Specific BG nuclei found in all three

29
Q

List the key nuclei of the basal ganglia. Put “T”, “D”, or “M” next to each, depending on if it’s in telen/dien/mesen-cephalon.

A
  1. Striatum - Caudate, Putamen (T)
  2. Pallidum (T)
  3. Subthalamic nucleus (D)
  4. Substantia Nigra (M)
30
Q

Direct pathway neurons in (X) structure have (D1/D2) dopamine receptors, which (hyper/de)-polarize the cell in response to dopamine.

A

X = striatum;
D1
Depolarize

31
Q

Indirect pathway neurons in (X) structure have (D1/D2) dopamine receptors, which (hyper/de)-polarize the cell in response to dopamine.

A

X = striatum;
D2
Hyperpolarize

32
Q

The nigrostriatal pathway, aka (X) sending efferent signals to (Y), has the dual effect of :

A 
X = SNpc
Y = striatum
  1. Exciting direct (stimulatory) pathway
  2. Inhibiting indirect (inhibitory) pathway
33
Q

Excitation of the nigrostriatal pathway has the net effect of (exciting/inhibiting) cortex.

A

Exciting

34
Q

Which pathway is compromised in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Nigrostriatal (SNpc to striatum)

35
Q

Hemiballismus is caused by (unilateral/bilateral) destruction of (X). What does the condition present as?

A

Unilateral;
X = subthalamic nucleus;

Involuntary/irregular flinging of contralateral extremity

36
Q

Huntington’s Disease is caused by early degeneration of (X). What does the condition present as?

A

X = striatum;

Involuntary, writhing movements

37
Q

What are the three cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Bradykinesia
  2. Rigidity
  3. Tremor
38
Q

What are the symptoms of Dopamine excess in PD treatment?

A
  1. Dyskinesias (involuntary discoordinated movement)
  2. Dystonia (involuntary abnormal postures)
  3. Delusions/hallucinations/misperceptions
39
Q

One FDA approved treatment for PD is (uni/bi)-lateral stimulation of (X) structure. This (raises/lowers) its firing rate.

A

Bilateral;
X = subthalamic nucleus;
Lowers (thus decreasing GPi activation)

Neuroscience (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions