1. HORSES: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) (RETROVIRUS)

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

-equine infectious anemia (EIA)

-contagious disease of equids

Question 2

caused by

Answer 2

retrovirus

Question 3

characterized by

Answer 3

recurring clinical signs as fever, anemia, edema and cachexia (laihtuminen ja kova lihasmenetys)

Question 4

agent

Answer 4

-equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)

-genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae

Question 5

destroyable?

Answer 5

readily destroyed by most common disinfectants

Question 6

survival?

Answer 6

survives limited time on mouthparts of INSECT

Question 7

host range

Answer 7

-all members of Equine

> clinical cases in HORSES and ponies, also mules

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

-found nearly worldwide

> absent in few countries, incl. Iceland, Japan

Question 9

infections particularly common in? (envi)

Answer 9

humid, swampy regions

Question 10

presence of EIAV in herd

Answer 10

goes often unnoticed until some horses develop CHRONIC form of dz or routine testing is done

Question 11

in endemic farms seroprevalence rate

Answer 11

<70%

Question 12

deaths are

Answer 12

rare in naturally infected horses

Question 13

distribution 2019

Answer 13

-usa
-russian

Question 14

outbreaks 2019

Answer 14

-usa
-eu

Question 15

distribution 2021

Answer 15

russia, usa, eu

Question 16

distribution 2022

Answer 16

-usa
-russia
-eu
-canada

Question 17

distribution 2023

Answer 17

-usa
-russia
-eu

Question 18

outbreaks 2021/22

Answer 18

-usa: peru
-serbia

Question 19

outbreaks 2023

Answer 19

south eu

Question 20

virus persist in

Answer 20

-blood LEUCOCYTES

> Can be found in milk and semen

Question 21

mechanical vectors

Answer 21

biting flies (family: Tabanidae: horse flies, deer flies)

Question 22

excretions of transmission

Answer 22

-blood transfusion

-contaminated needles, surgical instruments and teeth floats

-In utero transmission

Question 23

route of transmission

Answer 23

mechanically on mouthparts of biting insects

Question 24

IP

Answer 24

week to 45 days or longer

Question 25

some horses remain

Answer 25

asymptomatic until they are stressed

Question 26

clinical signs

Answer 26

-signs are often nonspecific: >fever, transient inappetence >more severe cases: weak, depressed and inappetent >additional signs: jaundice, tachypnea, tachycardia, ventral pitting edema, thrombocytopenia, petechiae on mucus membranes, epistaxis or blood-stained feces -anemia = more severe in chronic cases

Question 27

after initial bout

Answer 27

MOST horses become asymptomatic carriers> some may have recurring clinical signs

Question 28

inapparent(oireeton) infections may become

Answer 28

symptomatic during concurrent illnesses, severe stress or hard work

Question 29

donkeys and mules are less likely to

Answer 29

develope severe clinical signs

Question 30

PM

Answer 30

-spleen, liver and abdominal LNs are enlarged -MM can be pale -edema on limbs and along ventral abdominal wall

Question 31

PM in chronic cases

Answer 31

emaciation

Question 32

PM: Petechia on (pienet, pistemäiset verenvuodot)

Answer 32

internal organs : spleen, kidney

Question 33

PM: mucosal and visceral

Answer 33

=hemorrhages >blood vessel thrombosis

Question 34

DDx

Answer 34

-equine viral arteritis -purpura hemorrhagica -african horse sickness -leptospirosis -babesiosis -severe strongyliasis or fascioliasis

Question 35

diagnosis: suspect when: individual animals

Answer 35

-weight loss -edema -intermittent fever

Question 36

diagnosis: suspect when: in herd

Answer 36

-several horses have fever, anemia, edema, progressive weakness or weight loss >particularly when new animals have been introduced into herd or member of herd has died

Question 37

diagnosis: material

Answer 37

blood

Question 38

diagnosis: in lab

Answer 38

-serology: AGID, ELISA > ELISA can be detected antibodies earlier than AGID and it is more sensitive, but false positives are more likely to occur -RT-PCR: >determing status of foal born to infected mares: maternal antibodies up to age of 6-8 months -virus isolation: rarely done (-inoculation of susceptible horse-monitoring more than 45 days )

Question 39

Tx? Vaccine?

Answer 39

-NO tx -NO vaccine

Question 40

infected horses are

Answer 40

-lifelong carriers >must be permanently isolated from other susceptible animals or euthanized

Question 41

foals born to infected mares

Answer 41

-should be isolated from other equids until foal is determined to be free of infection > risk of congenital infection is higher if mare has clinical signs before she gives birth

Question 42

during outbreak

Answer 42

-spraying to control insect vectors, insect repellents and insect-proof stabling -prevent iatrogenic transmission

Question 43

in countries with no previous infection

Answer 43

-quarantines and movement control -tracing cases and surveillance